Waste Prevention and Minimisation Guidelines for the management of municipal biodegradable waste strategy TAIEX Workshop on Waste Prevention and Minimisation Bratislava Nov. 28/29 2017

Legal Framework COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Article 5 - Waste and treatment not acceptable in landfills Member States shall set up a national strategy for the implementation of the reduction of biodegradable waste going to landfills …… This strategy shall ensure that: (a) not later than five years …. reduced to 75 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 … (b) not later than eight years …. reduced to 50 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 …. (c) not later than 15 years …. reduced to 35 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995

Legal Framework COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Article 2 – Definitions m) "biodegradable waste" means any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard; Biodegradable waste causes: Methane emission (greenhouse gas, danger of explosion) Acidic leachate (mobilization of heavy metals) Annex: 4. Gas control 4.1. Appropriate measures shall be taken in order to control the accumulation and migration of landfill gas (Annex III). 4.2. Landfill gas shall be collected from all landfills receiving biodegradable waste and the landfill gas must be treated …..

Legal Framework DIRECTIVE 2006/12/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (“old WFD”) Article 3 1. Member States shall take appropriate measures to encourage: (a) first, the prevention or reduction of waste production and its harmfulness, in particular by: (i) the development of clean technologies more sparing in their use of natural resources; ….. (b) second: (i) the recovery of waste by means of recycling, re‑use or reclamation or any other process with a view to extracting secondary raw materials; or (ii) the use of waste as a source of energy.

Legal Framework DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (“new WFD”) Article 4 - Waste hierarchy 1. The following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and management legislation and policy: (a) prevention; (b) preparing for re-use; (c) recycling; (d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery; and (e) disposal.

Legal Framework DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (new WFD) Article 22 - Bio-waste Member States shall take measures, as appropriate, and in accordance with Articles 4 and 13, to encourage: (a) the separate collection of bio-waste with a view to the composting and digestion of bio-waste; (b) the treatment of bio-waste in a way that fulfils a high level of environmental protection; (c) the use of environmentally safe materials produced from bio-waste. The Commission shall carry out an assessment on the management of bio-waste with a view to submitting a proposal if appropriate. The assessment shall examine the opportunity of setting minimum requirements for bio-waste management and quality criteria for compost and digestate from bio-waste, ……

Legal Framework DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (new WFD) Article 29 - Waste prevention programmes Member States shall establish, in accordance with Articles 1 and 4, waste prevention programmes not later than 12 December 2013. Such programmes shall be integrated either into the waste management plans provided for in Article 28 or into other environmental policy programmes, as appropriate, or shall function as separate programmes. ….. 2. The programmes provided for in paragraph 1 shall set out the waste prevention objectives. Member States shall describe the existing prevention measures and evaluate the usefulness of the examples of measures indicated in Annex IV …. The aim of such objectives and measures shall be to break the link between economic growth and the environmental impacts associated with the generation of waste.

Bio waste ≠ biodegradable waste Background COM(2008) 811 final GREEN PAPER on the management of bio-waste in the European Union Bio waste ≠ biodegradable waste Bio waste: means biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises and comparable waste from food processing plants; Biodegradable waste: means any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard; Animal by-product: materials of animal origin that people do not consume. In principle bio-degradable, outside the scope of the WFD, unless they are destined for incineration, landfilling or use in a biogas or composting plant. Waste treatment plants processing animal by-products need a license in accordance with REGULATION (EC) No 1069/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL too.

Policy instruments used in EU countries Waste prevention programs (e.g. food waste prevention) Waste management plans Volume/Quality depending waste fees Mandatory separate collection (e.g. paper) Landfill tax – depending e.g. on organic carbon in waste Restrictions on landfills Separate collection schemes Promotion of self-composting Subsidies for waste-to-energy programs (e.g. guaranteed tariff for green electricity) …….

Separate Collection Biodegradable Wastes – fit for recycling 20 01 01 – waste paper (waste paper sorted from commingled collection schemes – 19 12 01 is of lower quality, market problems, environmental input) 20 01 38 – wood waste, other than 20 01 37* (collection via amenity collection centres) 20 01 08 – biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste ( 20 01 10/11 – textiles and clothing ) 17 02 01 – wood waste (mandatory separate collection at the construction site) 19 12 07 – wood waste, other than 19 12 06* (waste from sorting, also from municipal waste, bulky waste 20 03 07, C&D waste 17 09 04)

Separate Collection Biodegradable Wastes – fit/destined for biological treatment 20 01 08 – biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste a) separate collection from households b) separate collection from inns, canteen kitchens, etc. c) separate collection from production (also waste from group 02) Kitchen waste from canteen, etc. – also covered by the animal by-product regulation. 20 02 01 – biodegradable waste waste from parks and street maintenance waste from private gardening

Separate Collection Separate collection provides for reduction of municipal waste 20 03 01 good quality of recyclables (paper, cardboard; textiles) high quality of compost produced from bio-waste and biogas slurry or residues (used as fertilizer) The cost of the separate collection varies over a wide range. At the same time costs for the collection of municipal waste can be reduced (up to 60% bio- degradable material in 20 03 01). Collection system needs to be tailor-made taken into account the specific circumstances to reach the goals of a cost effective collection, high collection rate, high quality recyclables.

Separate Collection Separate collection of bio-waste in Europe Source: European Compost Network https://www.compostnetwork.info/policy/biowaste-in-europe/separate-collection/

Treatment options M/B-Treatment con pro only partial use of energy content only partial reduction of GHG-Emission (still high rate of N2O and CH4) still high volume to be landfilled quick implementation (compared with waste incineration) moderate investment costs treatment of residual bio- degradable waste recovery of recyclables (glass, metals) recovery of RDF partial reduction of GHG- emission (CH4)

Treatment options Anaerobic digestion (bio-gas production) con pro investment costs quality of liquid/sludgy residues (e.g. residual CH4- emissions) use or disposal of liquid residues (local situation) broad economic scale “high quality energy” recovered (storage of bio- gas, decoupling production from consumption) applicable to waste with high water content modular solid systems available Co-treatment of other biodegradable waste (e.g. group 02 from waste list)

Treatment options composting (aerobic treatment) con pro no use of energy content residual GHG-emissions (N2O, CH4) broad economic scale (including “self-composting” in rural areas) low investment costs use as fertilizer low quality product can be used for sanitation of old landfill sites (methane-oxidation layer, reduction of leachate generation) Co-treatment of other biodegradable waste (e.g. group 02 from waste list)

Treatment options waste incineration con pro high economic scale/in- vestment costs may jeopardise separate collection (lower public acceptance of separate collection) no decoupling of energy production from consumption good use of energy content Co-treatment of e.g. POPs wastes (e.g. waste with flame retardants, PFOs, etc.) Co-treatment of other wastes (e.g. sewer sludge) no CH4 –emissions large volume reduction inert residues for landfill

Integrated approach Different solutions depending on local situation necessary Points to be taken into account Separate collection of paper/cardboard necessary to meet recycling goal of 90 (85) % by 2025. Cost of separate collection Separate collection of bio-waste vs. “self-composting“ or M/B-treatment RDF-production depending on customers/market request Biogas production depending on further use/treatment of slurry (direct use as fertilizer, second step aerobic treatment, incineration,…) “Centralized composting“ vs. “self composting“

References http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/waste-Guidance-on-LCT-LCA-applied-to-BIO-WASTE-Management-Final-ONLINE.pdf Thank you for your attention!