18 Contrasting Lifestyles c.1850: Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland 18 Contrasting Lifestyles c.1850: Industrial England and Rural Ireland WHAT YOU WILL LEARN At the end of this chapter you should understand ... What working conditions were like in the factories and mines. How people lived in the cities. How improvements were made to working and living conditions. How rich and poor differed. How sport became more organised.

Working Conditions Working in Factories SOME FACTORY RULES Being late for work Fined 3d (4c) Weavers leaving the room without permission Whistling, singing or talking Fined 6d (8c) Opening a window Fined 1s (15c) What were the differences between conditions in domestic industry and in the factory system?

Women and children in Factories Working Conditions Women and children in Factories Cheaper than men Children beaten No concern for safety Accidents common Workers lost jobs Profits more important

Working in the Mines Why were conditions so bad in the mines? Flooding Use of Newcomen’s steam engine to pump out water Build-up of explosive and poisonous gases Ventilation shafts and trapdoors Explosions caused by naked flames in lamps Davy safety lamp

Living Conditions in the Cities Population of cities 1750 1851 London 675,000 2,362,000 Liverpool 35,000 376,000 Manchester 45,000 303,000 Leeds 14,000 172,000 How difficult were living conditions in the cities?

Living Conditions in the Cities Why were the average ages of death lower in the cities? Average Ages of Death during the Industrial Revolution Manchester Rutland Labourers 17 33 Middle class 38 50

Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Demand for improvements Government Reports Trade Unions Demand for improvements Some factory owners and members of Parliament

Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Factory Acts and Mines Act 1833 Factory Act Children under 9 not allowed to work; 9- to 13-year-olds – maximum of 9 hours work, 2 hours school. Inspectors appointed to enforce the law. 1836 Registration of births, deaths and marriages. 1842 Mines Act Women and children under 10 not allowed to work underground in the mines.

Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Health Simpson Chlorform Lister Cleanliness Jenner Vaccination What improvements were made in health?

Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Public Health Chadwick The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population Public Health Act 1848 Streets Water supplies Sewage Housing construction Slum clearance

Rich and Poor Poor Food Clothes Education Rich Food Clothes Education

Why and how did leisure activities increase during the 19th century?