Personality Why not?

Barnum Effect We have a strong confirmation bias when we take personality tests (We want them to be accurate)

Type A & Type B Personality Theory High-Stress level Workaholics Very Competitive Obsessed with Time Management Very organized Always looking to help others Short-Fused with those who aren’t like them Type B Not very competitive Not obsessed with achievement Very relaxed & easy-going Creative Reflective (thinkers) Higher Risk for Heart Disease

Somatotype Theory (William Sheldon) Sheldon's Somatotype Character Shape Picture Endomorph relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful plump, buxom, developed visceral structure Mesomorph active, assertive, vigorous, combative muscular Ectomorph quiet, fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive lean, delicate, poor muscles

Psychoanalytic Perspective (Sigmund Freud) Components of Personality Id: Pleasure Principle Eros: Life instincts (self-preservation) Libido: Energy that directs the Eros Thantos: Death instincts (Agression) Ego: Reality Principle Superego: Conscience

Psychoanalytic Perspective (Sigmund Freud) Psychosexual Theory of Development Oral Stage -Born with an Id Anal Stage -Develop Ego through Potty Training Phallic Stage -Oedipus/Electra Complex (Sexual attraction to parents) -Castration Anxiety: Fear of dad learning of love for mom. Latency Stage -Repress all sexual feelings -Develop Superego through buddying with same-sex parent Genital Stage -Start looking for adult sexual relations You can get fixated in any stage!

Psychoanalytic Perspective (Sigmund Freud) Neo-Freudians/Psychodynamic Approaches Alfred Adler Inferiority Complex: Childhood failures provide motivation for us & cause us to compensate by becoming superior in adulthood. Karen Horney Through Freud’s theory too male-centric Womb Envy as ultimate Inferiority Complex Carl Jung All of humanity shares a collective unconscious that has been passed down over time. (Ex. Symbolism[archetypes], Fear of dark)

Humanistic Perspective (Maslow & Rogers) Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Basic Needs must be met for us to reach full potential

Humanistic Perspective (Maslow & Rogers) Carl Rogers Person Centered Approach People need to bring their True Self (Who they actually are) into congruence (agreement) with their Ideal Self (Who they want to be). To do this we need: Acceptance (Unconditional Positive Regard) Genuineness Empathy

Trait Perspective (Allport, Cattell, & Eysenck) Personality Inventories used to test for individual traits Factor Analysis used to find correlations of traits. Clusters of traits (Factors/Dimensions) then identified. The Big Five Factor Model Consceientiousness (Reliable worker/Hard-working student) Agreeableness (Works well with others) Neuroticism/Emotional Instability (Roller-Coaster of emotions) Openness to Experience (Will try anything once/Embraces change) Extraversion (Very outgoing)

Trait Perspective (Allport, Cattell, & Eysenck) Central Traits Traits that have a larger influence over our personality. Secondary Traits Traits that have less of an influence over our personality

Social Cognitive Perspective Reciprocal Determinism Interplay between Environment, Personal thoughts, & Behavior Doing Drugs Learned Helplessness Self-Efficacy

Self-esteem (Overall appraisal of worth) vs Self-efficacy (Sense of control) A person may not know ball dancing and may have a low self efficacy for ball dance, but that doesn’t result in a low self esteem if he does not think of ball dance being important in his life. Thus you can see that self esteem is different from self efficacy. Self esteem is a permanent internal feeling while self efficacy is a feeling that depends upon the performance at hand. Had they been the same, you would have been on a high one day and felt terribly the very next day when confronted with a task that you did not have the ability to perform. Similarly, you know that success or failure at one task does not affect your self esteem. You know that you are worth more than a performance or more.