1. Personality

2. Personality – the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person.

3. TYPE A Intense sense of time Easily angered Competitive ambitious Work/play hard TYPE B Relaxed Easygoing

4. Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud Psychosexual stage theory of personality. Four stages – Oral, anal, phallic, genital Fixations Conscious, unconscious, preconscious Id – (pleasure principle) ego – (reality principle) Superego Defense mechanisms

5. A LOVE TALE! Suzy & Brian are dating… They spent the greater part of a year doing their homework together, riding in Brian’s Toyota Camry, and taking long walks on the beach! This past Sunday, Suzy told Brian that she is no longer in love and that they will no longer be dating! Brian is devastated…

6. Psychoanalytic – Sigmund Freud Defense mechanisms – REPRESSION Blocking thoughts from conscious awareness. – DENIAL Not accepting the ego-threatening truth – DISPLACEMENT Reflecting feelings toward a less threatening person or thing. – PROJECTION Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person. – REACTION FORMATION Expression the opposite of how one really feels. – REGRESSION Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. – RATIONALIZATION Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence – SUBLIMATION Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal.

7. Criticisms of Freud Male Centered Too Sexual Little empirical evidence!

8. Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic or neo-Freudian approaches. Carl Jung & Alfred Adler Carl Jung – 2 Parts to the unconscious – Personal unconscious – the painful or threatening memories that a person chooses not to confront. Often called (complexes). – Collective unconscious – passed down through the species – explains similarities we see between cultures. – Contains archetypes – universal concepts we all share. Good & evil Heroes Widespread fears – fear of the dark

9. Psychodynamic Theories Alfred Adler – Ego psychologist – downplayed the importance of unconscious and focused on the ego. People are motivated by the fear of failure (inferiority) and the desire to achieve (superiority). – Also known for study of importance of birth order in shaping personality.

10. Trait Theories We can describe personality by specifying characteristics or traits. – Honesty, laziness, ambition Someone acts _______ across different situations and times. There are 2 approaches: – 1. Nomothetic approach – the same basic set of traits can be used to describe all people’s personalities. Raymond Cattell developed the 16 PF (Personality Factor) test to measure the 16 basic traits present in all people. Most contemporary trait theorists use the big five.

11. “ThE BIG FIVE” 1.Extroversion – refers to how outgoing or shy a person is… 2.Agreeableness – has to do with how easy to get along with someone is… 3.Conscientiousness – these people tend to be hardworking, responsible, and organized. 4.Openness one’s creativity, curiosity, and willingness to try new things. 5.Emotional stability – how consistent one’s mood is…

12. FACTOR ANALYSIS Factor analysis – a statistical technique used to choose the “big five” or sixteen traits. Researchers use correlations between traits to identify clusters. 2. Idiographic theorists – assert that using the same set of terms to classify all people is impossible. Example: Honesty may be very important to describe one person, but not important to describe another.

13. Gordon Allport Common traits useful in describing all people full understanding of someone’s personality impossible without looking at personal traits. Three different types of personal traits. – Cardinal disposition – Central disposition – Secondary disposition

14. Biological Theory of Personality View genes, chemicals and body types as the central determinant of personality. Is personality like height hereditable? Physical – 90% Intelligence – 50-70% Temperaments – babies tend to show great differences – Active/calm or want stimulation/shy

15. Behaviorist Theory B.F. Skinner Behavior IS personality! No such thing as an inner personality, just behaviors! Changing environment will change personality Reinforcement contingencies

16. Social-Cognitive Theory Albert Bandora – Personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior. Triadic reciprocality or reciprocal determination Each factor influences the other… High or low self-efficacy Internal or external locus of control

17. Humanistic Theory of Personality Determinism – What happens is dictated by what has happened in the past. Psychoanalysis & behaviorism “Third Force” Humans are innately good Self concept or self esteem Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers Maslow – Self Actualization & Hierarchy of needs Rogers – unconditional positive regard