1. One of the first to develop a theory of
personality. His theory proposed psycho-
sexual stages of development and that
our personality was composed of three
parts – the ID, Ego, and Superego
Sigmund Freud

2. Identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at any psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

3. Terror-Management Theory
Freud believes we have defenses against anxiety
Faith in one’s worldview and the pursuit
of self-esteem provides protection against
a deeply rooted fear of death.
This anxiety intensifies prejudices

4. Neo-Freudian theorist who proposed the
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Neo-Freudian theorist who proposed the
idea of “inferiority complex” . Believed
much of our behavior is driven by efforts
to conquer childhood feelings of
inferiority.
Alfred Adler

5. Neo-Freudian who criticized Freud’s
assumptions about women. Her view of
the development of personality centered
around our desire for love and security
that was triggered by childhood anxiety
and a sense of helplessness.
Karen Horney

6. Neo-Freudian theorist who emphasized the influence of the collective
unconscious in personality development
and in dream interpretation.
Carl Jung
Mandela

7. Jung believed the collective unconscious was the source of all inspirations and instincts and is the knowledge and understanding of myths and symbols throughout history and across cultures.
Within this collective unconscious are archetypes-images that have been found thoughout history and across cultures.
These archetypes (universal thought forms and feelings) link humanity…some concepts are that of “God”, “Great Mother” “Father”, “Hero”, “Trickster”, “Wise Owl”.

8. Persona
A mask people wear to hide what they really are or what they really feel
Jung first to describe introverts and extraverts

9. Developed the Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT) (1930s) as another projective
test to assess personality.
Henry Murray

10. Swiss psychiatrist who introduced the
inkblot test in 1921 as a projective test
to assess personality characteristics.
Hermann Rorschach

11. Believed that people were basically good
and were endowed with self-actualizing
tendencies. Proposed using
“unconditional positive regard” to nurture
growth in individuals.
Carl Rogers
A acceptance
G genuineness
E empathy

12. Humanist who developed theory of
Hierarchy of Needs and the concept of
self-actualization as motivating forces
that drive us.
Abraham Maslow

13. Fellow humanist who dissented against
mainstream humanistic psychology
because it failed to appreciated the
human capacity for evil.
Rollo May

14. Personality Review Visited Freud (1919), rejected the
psychoanalytic and behavioral approach
to personality. Developed “trait”
theory of personality.
Gordon
Allport

15. Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective
Factor Analysis
theorists use this to identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits

16. William Sheldon Somatotyping (body typing)
1. Endomorph— plump, relaxed, jolly
(Santa Claus)
Ectomorph— high strung and solitary (Sherlock Holmes)
3. Mesomorph— bold and physically active (Superman)

17. British psychologists who believed that
our personalities can be described by
basic dimensions using extraversion-
introversion and stability and instability
indicators.
Hans and Sybil Eysenck

18. BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS (McCrae and Costa)
C conscientiousness
A agreeableness
N neuroticism (emotional stability vs.
instability)
O openness
E extraversion

19. Developed a personality indicator that
bears their names and is widely used.
Includes Carl Jung’s personality types.
Referred to as the MBTI.
Isabel Briggs Myers and Kathleen Briggs

20. The most widely used personality test is
the MMPI – Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory
One if its creators was Starke Hathaway
Originally developed to identify
emotional disorders

21. Proposed the social-cognitive perspective
on personality- described the process of
“reciprocal determinism”
Also known for his “bobo” doll experiment
Albert
Bandura

22. Associated with the ideas of external
and internal locus of control and its
importance to our perception of
ourselves. First to use the term “social
learning theory” (IU grad)
Devised a locus of control
personality test.
Julian Rotter

23. Attributional (explanatory) Style
How one characteristically explains positive or negative events
One may have a positive or negative
attributional style

24. Exploring the Self Spotlight Effect Self Esteem Self-Serving Bias
overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Self Esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
Self-Serving Bias
readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Self-efficacy –
belief that people have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation

25. Exploring the Self
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks
(self-based) (duty-based)
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social
behaviors and attitudes and roles
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from individual traits) identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in
uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity;
fullfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;
confrontation acceptable harmony valued

26. Barnum Effect Barnum Effect
believing a horoscope describes you when its very generic. "There's a Sucker Born Every Minute"

27. Conducted studies on learned helplessness
and became a leader in the field of
Positive psychology. Wrote a book called
Learned Optimism.
Martin Seligman