Introduction to Biotechnology Biotechnology I

Essential Question What is Biotechnology ? What does the field of Biotechnology encompass? What lead to the Biotechnology revolution? What type of careers are in Biotechnology?

Definition Biotechnology- The study and manipulation of living things for the purpose of making products that benefit society

Domains of Biotechnology Four major domains Agricultural Biotechnology Diagnostic Research Biotechnology Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology Fermented foods and beverages Genetically engineered proteins for industry Environmental cleanup Biosensors, bioterrorism, biodefense

Ex: Oil Spill Cleanup Bacteria genetically engineered to efficiently break down oil left by oil spills Completion of Treatment

Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Medicines from plants, animals, fungi Vaccine and gene therapy Prosthetics-artificial or engineered organs and tissues Synthetic skin

Ex. Creation of New Vaccines Production of a recombinant vaccine against human papilloma virus (HPV)r Virus that causes genital warts and cervical cancer Given to young adults Boys up to age 21 Girls up to age 26

Agricultural Biotechnology Breeding of livestock and plant crops Creation of plants and animals with novel traits through genetic engineering Production of plant fibers-biofuels, textiles (e.g. cotton) Pharmaceuticals produced in genetically engineered plants

Ex. Improve Food Nutrition Genetically engineered rice to produce b-carotene, precursor to vitamin A High b-carotene content gives rice golden color Vitamin A deficiency often observed in developing countries Symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency Night blindness Growth retardation of children

Diagnostic Research Biotechnology Genetic testing and screening for diseases DNA identification and DNA fingerprinting, forensics Nanotechnology

Ex. Genetic Testing Genetic Testing involves examining your DNA for changes that could cause disease Tests done on collected blood or other tissues

Ex. Genetic Testing Used for Identifying genetic diseases in developing fetuses Screening newborns for genetic diseases Screening embryos produced by in vitro fertilization before implantation Testing adults for genetic diseases before symptoms arise

Biotechnology Not a New Industry Evidence of Biotechnology is observed as early as 2000 BCE Industry revolutionized with the discovery of DNA structure Allowed the development of molecular tools that have advanced the science Examples Creation of recombinant DNA DNA sequencing Synthesizing DNA in a test tube

Biotechnology Timeline 2000 B.C.E. Biotechnology used to leaven bread and ferment beer, using yeast (Egypt) Production of cheese, fermentation of wine begins (Sumeria, China, Egypt).

Biotechnology Timeline 1797 First vaccination Edward Jenner takes pus from a cowpox lesion, inserts it into an incision on a boy's arm. Protects him against smallpox

Biotechnology Timeline 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin by chance when he realizes that penicillium mold kills bacteria.

Biotechnology Timeline 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA.

Biotechnology Timeline 1966 The genetic code for DNA is cracked. Marshall Nirenberg Robert Holley Har Gobind Khorana

Biotechnology Timeline 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using restriction enzymes for making recombinant DNA 1977- first time human genes expressed in bacteria Stanley Cohen Herbert Boyer and a recombinant bacterium

Biotechnology Timeline 2006 A recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) receives FDA approval.

Summary Lots of opportunities in Biotechnology in many different domains