Nationalism in Europe What is nationalism and how did it both break up and unify countries in Europe? Ottoman Empire Germany Italy Austria- Hungary Russia

Nationalism Culture – shared way of life History -a common past Positives – people overcome differences, overthrow imperial rule, democratic governments, competition leads to advance Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme nationalism, competition leads to war Culture – shared way of life History -a common past Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry Language-shared communication Nation- State Territory – land belongs to group Religion- shared by most

Nationalist Thought Political thought in 1800s Europe: 1) Conservatives - want to keep everything the same & allow absolute monarchs to rule (nobles, landowners) 2) Liberals – minor change such as more power for Parliaments, Educated & landowners can vote (middle class, merchants) 3) Radicals – wanted drastic change, all people should vote & government should follow Enlightenment (poor, workers) Many Europeans are upset that their country was ruled by a foreigner or they were divided People should be loyal to a country not a king Nationalism emerges from the idea people should unite into countries based on their language, nationality or culture 1848: Nationalistic Revolutions will breakout in Europe The Congress of Vienna fails to stop nationalist revolutions

Nationalism Challenges Conservative Rule 1) The Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs The Austrians controlled at least 12 different ethnic groups Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848 (Czechs). Hungary also wants to split from Austria (1866) Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary. 1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Prussia would gain much of Austria’s northern German States 1848 1866 1866

1827 2)The Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks The Ottomans controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, and several other Slavic areas Revolutions breakout in Greece (1827) & the Balkans 1827 Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans must grant equal citizenship to all

Louis-Philippe(XVIII) comes to power starts 3rd Republic 18 years later, French grow tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!) New constitution is created (again!) calling for a president to share power with the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again!) Radicals in France French elect a new President named Louis-Napoleon (Nap’s nephew) 4 years later = “Emperor Napoleon III” Napoleon III begins to modernize France and create jobs

Answer these questions in complete sentences in your notes (p. 256) Who was the King of France in 1830 and why did the people reject him? Who became the new King and why did the people accept him? What happened in France as radicals split into factions? Why do you think the people elect Louis-Napoleon as President?

King Victor Emmanuel II Camillo di Cavour Unification of Italy In the N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister Cavour wants to unify all Italians. The armies of Cavour & Napoleon III beats Austria & gains all of N. Italy except for the Venetian Region Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II Camillo di Cavour

Textbook: Page 261 Questions 1-3 S. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy & unites S. Italian Kingdoms King VE & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Want to unite all Italy Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister The two remaining states, Venice & the Papal states would join the rest of Italy in 1866 & 1870 The Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would now become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy Textbook: Page 261 Questions 1-3 Rome Pope Pius XI Garibaldi

Unification of Germany Riots in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia (new King and Parliament) Wilhelm I = new King of Prussia Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become his Prime Minister Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical) Bismarck runs the country w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Wilhelm I Bismarck’s goal = expand Prussia’s territory & unite all of the German states Weak will be devoured by the strong! 1st, he convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark Otto von Bismarck

Read History Makers – Von Bismarck p. 262 Prussia would then turn against Austria & starts the Seven Weeks War The loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia N. German states 2nd, Prussia would then go to war with France to gain control of southern German states Prussia will win the Franco-Prussian War – humiliation for Napoleon III 3rd, Prussia unites all of the new territory into the German Empire aka the Second Reich (Empire) Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Prime Minister (Chancellor) Read History Makers – Von Bismarck p. 262

Guided Reading 8:3 Part B Answer the following questions based on what you just read on page 262 (History Makers – Otto von Bismarck) What are two different opinions of Otto von Bismarck? What were characteristics of his speeches? What do you think he means by his quote about the destiny of the weak? Re-read his last quote about Germans and war. Is he a hypocrite? Why?