Chapter 2: Where to Start

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2: Where to Start

Hypotheses and Predictions Most research studies are attempts to test a hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Informal hypotheses - Simply questions about behavior Formal hypotheses - Formulated on the basis of past research findings and theoretical considerations - Stated in very specific and formal terms

Hypotheses and Predictions (con’t) Prediction about the outcome of a study Prediction confirmed by the results = hypothesis supported Prediction not confirmed by the results = reject the hypothesis

Who We Study: A Note on Terminology Participants Subjects Respondents Informants

Sources of Ideas Common sense Observation of the world around us Theories Past research

Library Research The nature of journals Researcher sends written report to a professional journal Editor solicits reviews from other peer scientists Each journal has limited space

Library Research (con’t) The Nature of Journals (con’t) Editor decides whether to accept the research report for publication Accepted research reports are published about one year later

Library Research (con’t) Search strategies Psychological Abstracts (Psych Abstracts) PsycINFO, PsycFIRST, PsycLIT Science Citation Index Social Sciences Citation Index

Library Research (con’t) Literature reviews Psychological Bulletin Annual Review of Psychology

Library Research (con’t) Other electronic search resources Medline ERIC APA’s PsycARTICLES

Library Research (con’t) Internet searches Yahoo, Google, About, Northern Light, and Alta Vista Critically evaluate the quality of the information you find Record the exact location of any Websites you will be using in your research

Anatomy of a Research Article Research articles have five sections: Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion

Anatomy of a Research Article (con’t) Abstract A summary of the research report 150 words or less Includes the hypothesis, procedure, broad pattern of results

Anatomy of a Research Article (con’t) Introduction Outlines the problem investigated Past research and theories relevant to the problem are described in detail Formal hypotheses or specific expectations

Anatomy of a Research Article (con’t) Method Section Subsections depend on the complexity of the design - Participants - Design - Equipment - Materials - Procedure

Anatomy of a Research Article (con’t) Results Section Findings are presented in three ways Narrative form Statistical language Tables or graphs (figures)

Anatomy of a Journal Articles (con’t) Discussion Section Researcher reviews the research from various perspectives Do the results support the hypothesis? If yes, provide all possible explanations If no, suggest potential reasons for this

Discussion (con’t) Present methodological weaknesses and/or strengths Explain how the results compare with past results Include suggestions for possible practical applications Include suggestions for future research on the topic

The End