CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION ATP

Why do organisms need energy? movement Temperature control growth Active transport

Organisms get the energy they need from food

What are two ways organisms obtain food? They can make their own food They can consume food autotrophs heterotrophs

Plants make glucose; They also breakdown glucose for energy, ATP Glucose in Mitochondria Glucose

But food is not a direct source of energy But food is not a direct source of energy. Animals must break down the macromolecules in food to produce energy, ATP ATP glucose glucose Broken down Glucose In blood ATP Glucose in Cells Glucose in Mitochondria Carbohydrates Glucose

Now let’s learn all about cellular respiration!

Cellular respiration complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down food, such as glucose. broken down GLUCOSE ATP Makes energy for the cell occurs in the mighty mitochondria

Both autotrophs and heterotrophs undergo cellular respiration. Plants break down glucose for energy Animals break down glucose for energy Plant cells have mitochondria Animal cells have mitochondria mitochondria mitochondria

Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (glucose) (oxygen) carbon (water) (energy) dioxide   Does cellular respiration take place all in one step? No, because the energy would be released too suddenly, and most would be “lost” in the forms of light and heat like the marshmallow. Cellular respiration is a very complex process that involves dozens of separate reactions that slowly release energy. This way the cell can trap and store each little bit of energy in the form of ATP.

Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages:. 1. Glycolysis Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages: 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis 1 glucose C C C C C C in cytoplasm C C C 2 pyruvic acid C C anaerobic six carbon compound 1 glucose C C C C C C 2 ADP 2 NAD+ in cytoplasm 2 ATP 2 NADH Glycolysis C C C three carbon compound 2 pyruvic acid C C C Only a small amount of ATP is produced

Krebs Cycle pyruvic acid in matrix of mitochondria CO2 2 ADP CO2 O C O 2 ATP C C in matrix of mitochondria aerobic CoA 8 NAD+ C C CoA Acetly-CoA Krebs Cycle 8 NADH C C C C C C Citric Acid C Only a small amount of ATP is produced C C C 2 FAD CO2 O C O 2 FADH2 CO2 O C O

Electron Transport Chain ATP Inner mitochondrial membrane Matrix ADP H+ H+ on mitochondria membrane aerobic NADH ATP Synthase H+ H+ NAD+ + H+ e- e- H+ H+ Electron Transport Chain H+ FADH2 FAD + H+ 2H+ + O + 2e- H2O H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ e- H+ H+ H+ e- H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ of ATP is produced A large amount H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Outer mitochondrial membrane H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

Electron Transport Chain ATP Inner mitochondrial membrane Matrix ADP on mitochondria membrane aerobic H+ H+ NADH ATP Synthase H+ H+ NAD+ H+ H+ Electron Transport Chain H+ FADH2 FAD 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ of energy is produced A large amount H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Outer mitochondrial membrane H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

Energy cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration CO2 O2 sun glucose plants CO2 H2O glucose O2 Cellular Respiration plants & animals

Imagine our lives without cheese and bread….. All possible because of fermentation

Thank you fermentation!!!!!

There are 2 methods of obtaining energy from food: Cellular Respiration - - in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) Fermentation - - in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

Making Energy Cellular Respiration glucose Glycolysis Fermentation Oxygen Aerobic glucose no oxygen Glycolysis No Oxygen Anaerobic Fermentation All organisms from bacteria to humans undergo glycolysis

Cellular Respiration Fermentation ATP glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + glucose In the presence of oxygen . . . (Occurs in mitochondria) ATP Break down glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + Fermentation In the absence of oxygen . . . (Occurs in cytoplasm) Break down ATP Alcoholic Fermentation glucose alcohol + CO2 + Lactic Acid Fermentation Break down ATP glucose Lactic acid +

When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs. Some bacteria, some fungi, and your muscle cells can undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen. O2 Fermentation

FERMENTATION O2 What is fermentation? Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) to make ATP. FERMENTATION ATP O2 Broken down Pyruvic acid

There are two types of fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 There are two types of fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2. Alcoholic Fermentation

Pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid and ATP is produced. Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid and ATP is produced. ATP broken down Pyruvic acid + lactic acid C C C C C C

The sugar in milk (lactose) is changed into different cheeses by fermentation carried out by different types of bacteria and fungi. Starter cultures of the following bacteria are used in cheese production: Lactococcus lactis Streptococcus salivarius Lactobacillus delbruckii Lactobacillus helveticus. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are bacteria used in the production of yogurt.

Adjunct cultures are used to provide or enhance the characteristic flavors and textures of cheese. BACTERIA FUNGI Penicillium roqueforti in blue cheeses Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum for flavor in Cheddar cheeses Propionibacterium freudenreichii for eye formation in Swiss Penicillium camemberti in camembert and brie

Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid is broken down to ethanol and CO2 and ATP is produced. pyruvate + Ethyl alcohol + CO2 C C C C C Culprit: Yeast

Production of wine: Yeast convert the sugar in grapes, (fructose) into ethyl alcohol. Grapes fermenting

Yeast is used in the production of bread. Yeast breaks down the sugars in dough through alcoholic fermentation. The CO2 produced causes the dough to rise. As the dough is baked, the alcohol that is produced during fermentation evaporates.

What cycle is this? CO2 CO2 CO2 Pyruvic acid C C C 1 FADH2 2 ATP 4 NADH 1 FADH2