Diety Concepts of the Divine & ultimate reality

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Presentation transcript:

Diety Concepts of the Divine & ultimate reality In a two-tiered view of reality; the divine & the profane the immanent & the transcendent the natural & the supernatural In a unitary reality animism or there is no divinity (a.k.a dualism) (a.k.a monism)

Polytheism & the worship of nature Early man Neanderthal hunters: revered the cave bear (burial chambers & rituals) Paleolithic: rituals and sacrifices for the success of the hunt (magical) Neolithic: Farming  gods of Sun, Sky and Earth. Dualism: male sky & female earth . Pleiades of Dodona (ancient Greek hymn): The Earth is our mother, the Sky is our father. The Sky fertilizes the Earth with rain, the Earth produces the grains and grasses.

The Sky god: A primal monotheism/henotheism Wilhelm Schmidt, ethnologist, found a sky god or high god almost universally in primal societies in Africa High god is creator; far away and withdrawn (most of his work is done already) Lower gods: deal with daily activities (the hunt, fertility etc)

The ancient polytheisms Greek, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian Sky god is creator and also sovereign; guarantees cosmic order. Varuna is an all-seeing king in the Rg Veda (see p157) IndoEuropean language group has similar names for the sky god: Persian Sanskrit Latin div deva deus Greek Zeus in Homer’s Illiad and Hesiod’s Theogony is a divine king. A pantheon of secondary gods are like the kings court. household protector Different manifestations of Zeus Zeus Herkejos: Zeus Polieus: Zeus Katharsios: protects the city-state purification

The mother goddess Nearly universal, but especially prevalent in the ancient near east and Mediterranean. Paleolithic female figurines. Fertility: exaggerated breasts, abdomen, thighs. Venus of Willendorf

Neolithic (farming) rituals connecting human life cycle with agricultural cycle. Goddess of life, death and rebirth Isis Ishtar Demeter Isis is mother of Pharaohs. Ishtar is a prostitute goddess. Demeter is an earth – harvest goddess. Egypt Mesopotamia Greece

Mother & child imagery Comparisons between images of Isis and her child Horus and Mary and the infant Jesus are commonly made. The mother & child image is an archetype; widespread and emotionally evocative

Hindu: Kali (time) China: Bodhisattva Kuan Yin R. Catholic: Virgin Mary

Female religious images

2 sides to the mother goddess Pregnant …….. virginal. Chaste……..…..promiscuous. Protector……...demanding blood sacrifices. Creates…………..destroys.

Diversifivation of gods Local deities seem to be variant forms of universal gods . Animism: a spirit in every tree, mountain, lake. or Polytheism: a god of water, war, love. Greek: Poseidon, Ares, Aphrodite

Karl Jaspers calls the 8th – 2nd century BC The Axial age Zoroaster Buddha Hebrew Prophets Confucius This period sees big new ideas in religion appear independently in different civilizations in many parts of the world. Jaspers suggests man’s consciousness reached a new level of moral awareness. Upanishads Socrates/Plato/Aristotle