Simple Organic Families Organic Nomenclature Organic Chemistry Simple Organic Families Organic Nomenclature

Organic Molecules Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form. Carbon is the only element capable of forming stable chains of atoms bonded through single-double-triple bonds.

Structure of Carbon Compounds There are three hybridization states and geometries found in organic compounds: sp3 tetrahedral sp2 trigonal planar sp linear

HYDROCARBON FAMILIES Divided into four groups based on the kinds of carbon-carbon bonds present #1. Alkanes #2. Alkenes #3. Alkynes #4. Aromatics

Alkanes Alkanes contain only single bonds. They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons. They are “saturated” with hydrogens, only contain single bonds.

Common Alkanes

Writing Formulas for Alkanes Lewis structures of alkanes to the left below. They are also called structural formulas. They are often not convenient to attempt to write so condensed formulas are typically used.

Properties of Alkanes The only force is the London dispersion force. The boiling point increases with the length of the chain.

Structure of Alkanes Carbons in alkanes are sp3 hybrids. They have a tetrahedral geometry and 109.5 bond angles.

Structure of Alkanes There are only -bonds present in alkanes. There is free rotation about the C—C bonds.

What is an Isomer? P. 1009 STRAIGHT Isomers have the same molecular formulas, but the atoms are bonded in a different order. ISOMERS STRAIGHT ISOMERS

Common Naming Schemes Common Names listed in 1st column. “ n “ indicates an isomer of the normal structure When a CH3 group branches, the isomer prefix –iso When another CH3 group branches, the isomer prefix -neo -n -iso -n -iso -neo AFTER THIS – CRAZY TOWN!

Organic Prefixes based on Carbon Chains

Organic Nomenclature There are three parts to a compound name: Base: This tells how many carbons are in the longest continuous chain. Suffix: This tells what type of compound it is. Prefix: This tells what groups are attached to the chain.

Naming Simple Alkanes Watch this link to learn to name simple alkanes!

Let’s try some!

How to Name a Compound If there is more than one type of substituent in the molecule, list them alphabetically. GOT IT??? YEAH RIGHT! WATCH THIS!

Cycloalkanes Carbon can also form ringed structures. Five- and six-membered rings are most stable. They can take on conformations in which their bond angles are very close to the tetrahedral angle. Smaller rings are quite strained.

Reactions of Alkanes Alkanes are rather unreactive due to the presence of only C—C and C—H -bonds. Therefore, they make great nonpolar solvents. Make great Combustion fuel!