The Western Crossroads Chapter 14 Page 424-455

14.1- Native American Resistance

A. Indian country Plains/West (KS, CO, ND, SD, MO, MT, OK) We move all of the Native Americans to reservations ∙Bureau of Indian Affairs est. 1824

B. Years of Struggle

Sand Creek, CO Whites want gold and land -Some NA’s say yes, some say no -Black Kettle – (Cheyenne Leader) first resists but then when he is on his way to surrender they are attacked when the men were gone. 200 women and children were killed. Sand Creek Massacre -Now the men are mad…war path! -Colonel Chivington “Kill Indians” -Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867) - NA’s give up land for reservation in Black Hills (gold)

Custer’s Last Stand Tatanka Iyotake- “Sitting Bull”- Sioux medicine man- not moving - Battle of Rosebud – not a NA victory but it gave them confidence. - camping at river- 2000 NA’s led by Crazy Horse - General George Armstrong Custer attacked, too many NA’s, all soldiers died- Battle of the Little Bighorn - soon they were conquered and forced to settle near agency

Wounded Knee - South Dakota 1889 - Wovoka began ghost dance religion (Christian and NA) If danced: whites leave, dead return, traditions revived *very peaceful except “Ghost shirts” stop bullets Government scared-arrest Sitting Bull 12-15-1890 Sitting Bull was killed more ghost shirt fighters for revenge and action - Government arrests Big Foot (active fighter) who now wants peace. Camping at Wounded Knee on way to agency 12-29-1890 gov’t takes guns, not all so skirmish while looking at gunfire begins. 300 Sioux killed and 30 soldiers Wounded Knee Massacre Americans shocked/ Custer avengers—End of Indian Wars on the Great Plains.

C. Conflict in the Far West 1. 1873 Oregon- Nez Perce- the US gov't wants to move them to Idaho (res) Chief Joseph- OK we will go peacefully but 1 of tribe kills white settler for revenge. The gov’t wants Chief Joseph so he flees to Canada. 40 miles from the border they stop to rest and the soldiers surround them. Chief Joseph surrenders. 2. Apaches- 1877- forced to San Carlos Reservation- hard life 1881 Geronimo leaves with 17 others and spent 5 years running from the gov't. 1886- Geronimo surrenders This is the end of armed resistance to Reservations.

D. Voices of Protest US took land and buffalo “Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone” Reform- Helen Hunt Jackson- “A Century of Dishonor” Sarah Winnemucca- speaks on behalf of NA’s pleads to Rutherford B. Hayes (pres.) and he sympathizes but nothing happens

E. Assimilating American Indians The US gov’t forced the NA’s to become anti-Indian Indian schools- Carlisle Indian School, PA- speak and read English, wear “proper” clothes, American names (picture 434) The object was to kill the Indian but save the man. Divide all the land from tribal to private and settlers could buy the extra Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 160 acres/family but this was a disaster because the NA’s chose for significance not for soil. 2/3 of land was lost.

F. The Navajos The gov’t wanted these Plains Indians to stop relying on sheep and become farmers. Soldiers destroyed dwellings, sheep, crops, etc., finally surrendered 1864 and sent on the Long Walk to New Mexico. Kept there by soldiers. Given tools but the land was unsuitable for farming and many died so the gov’t moved them to Arizona where they rebuilt. Sheep raising, weaving, silver smithing. By 1880’s prospered.

The United States Reservation System Agency: Bureau of Indian Affairs Actions affecting NA’s Benefits White Settlers Reservation life 1. Land for resettlement Forced to farms Lost culture Death Page 455 “Chief Joseph’s own story”– is this reality?