Lecture 3.1 THEORIES Realism The international system is portrayed as brutal arena where states look for opportunities to take advantage of each other and have little reason to trust each other.  Outcomes in interaction are driven by power and interest, and by the structure of the international system

Lecture 3.2 Interest of powerful actors in the system dictates the outcomes Institutions and norms have little influence. Co-operation amongst states has its limits mainly because it is constrained by the dominating logic of security competition, which no amount of cooperation can eliminate.

Lecture 3.4 Genuine peace or a world where states do not compete for power is not likely. States can do whatever they want but certain behaviors are rewarded and others sanctioned by the structure of the system, in extreme case by removal of the state from the system. Institutions reflect the power and interest of states and therefore do not affect the behavior of states

Lecture 3.4 States take positions that reflect their interest defined exclusively in short term and relative gains terms i.e. they assess how they will be affected relative to other states (are they richer or safer than other states)   Behavior is based on costs and benefits.

Lecture 3.5 INSTITUTIONALISM Institutions can make a difference in behavior, and in the long run even power and interest of states. Outcomes are a result of power and interest on one hand and the role of institutions.

Lecture 3.6 States are not the only actors’ non-state actors play an important role. Rules of institutions though they reflect power and interest but the general rules apply equally to different states. Institutions have interest that are consistent with but may diverge from powerful member states.

Lecture 3.7 IIs have effects but only under specified conditions. Compliance and effects vary   States may enforce collectively when they wouldn’t individually. Institutions provide something to enforce. States enforce rules agreed to. Rules upon which expectations converge.

Lecture 3.8 CONSTRUCTIVISM States act according to logic of appropriateness rather than logic of consequences.  Logic of appropriateness (what is right or wrong) vs Logic of consequences(what is good or bad for me)

Lecture 3.9 Identity and norms rather than interest, rules and consequences drive behavior. Explaining behavior depends on what indenties and beliefs actors have and what norms exist between them. Actors’ indenties and interest are not given nor fixed.

Lecture 3.10 Institutions are not creating rules so much as defining norms and indenties and over long periods of time these alter what states see as appropriate. It is not the particular rules that are adopted, but the fact that states want to be non human rights abusing state. States do not necessarily know their interests before they begin negotiation they may discover them in the process.

Lecture 3.11 Often states are not calculating what is the best but simply following scripts and playing roles. So the dynamic and process that produces certain behaviors is quite different.

Lecture 3.12 Integration Theory Theories of cooperation, together with theories of conflict, form the necessary basis for a comprehensive theory of international relations. Cooperation has been defined as a set of relationships that are not based on coercion or compliance and that are legitimised.  

Lecture 3.13 Cooperation may arise either from a commitment on the part of the individual to the welfare of the collectivity or as a result of perceived self-interest.   Integration is a (process) leading to a form of political community (condition).

Lecture 3.14 According to Ernst Haas, integration is a “process whereby political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations, and political activities towards new center, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national states.”  

Lecture 3.15 Deutsch is of the view that political integration is a process that may lead to a condition in which a group of people has attained within a territory a sense of community and of institutions and practices strong enough to assure, for a long time, dependable expectations of peaceful change among its population.

Lecture 3.16 States are said to have an interest in cooperative relationships designed to find mutually acceptable solutions to common problems- international trade, the environment, communications, migration, health, investment, transportation and ecology. Integration can be traced in various stages indicating the level of interaction among members of an institution- functionalism, neo functionalism, Spill over, international regime, alliances.

Lecture 3.17 The theory is weak in that it lacks both the commonly accepted definition and a series of agreed indicators as basis for measurement