WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? CHAPTER 3 KEY ISSUE 1 WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED?

The HARSH OBSTANCLES many migrants face is a testament to the severe realities they often leave behind.

Latin American migrants captured after illegally crossing the Rio Grande into the United States

Southeast Asian migrants line up to work in Dubai

African migrants risk death crossing the Mediterranean for a chance at a better life in Europe

Syrian refugees flee from the Islamic State (ISIS) toward Turkey, 2015

When Syrian refugees can’t make it to Europe by land, they make a desperate journey across the Mediterranean by boat.

Even when Syrian refugees make it to wealthy European countries, they face issues of assimilation and resistance.

A PERMANENT MOVE from one place to another. What is MIGRATION? A PERMANENT MOVE from one place to another.

Migration requires MOBILITY, the ability to move freely between places. Different types of mobility, at different scales- Journeying each day to work or school Weekly visits to local shops Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state A desperate departure from a war-torn country

DAILY COMMUTE – ACT OF MOBILITY

While we might take it for granted, for billions of people in the world, real mobility is just a dream. These Palestinians cannot move from one town to another without crossing military walls or checkpoints

Barriers to mobility are not always physical- they are often LEGAL, such as the rejection of travel documents

My daily commute from Windsor! Repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as CIRCULATION. We all have paths of circulation in our lives. My daily commute from Windsor!

Migration can be expressed in TWO WAYS EMIGRATION is migration from a location. IMMIGRATION is migration to a location. The flow of migration always involves two-way connections. If number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, then a positive net migration exists. If number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, then a negative net migration exists.

NET MIGRATION can either be FLAT, POSITIVE, or NEGATIVE Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants is a place’s NET MIGRATION. NET MIGRATION can either be FLAT, POSITIVE, or NEGATIVE

A place has either net in-migration or net out- migration

-550,000/yr Net out-migration 250,000 700,000 Per year IN OUT Immigrants 700,000 Emigrants Per year -550,000/yr IN OUT Net out-migration

Asia, Latin America, and Africa North America, Europe, and Oceania Global pattern reflects migration from developing countries to developed countries. Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, and Africa Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania

Places with NET OUT-MIGRATION often have high NIR and weak economies Places with NET IN-MIGRATION often have low NIR and developed economies.

FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue. GLOBAL MIGRANT FLOWS

Natural Increase (NIR) PLUS Net Migration determines the DEMOGRAPHIC EQUATION of a place.

INTERNATIONAL Migration permanent move from one country to another There are several binaries which help us CATEGORIZE migration: INTERNATIONAL Migration permanent move from one country to another INTERNAL Migration Permanent move within the same country International Migration- Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.

Movement between different regions of a country There are several binaries which help us CATEGORIZE migration: INTERREGIONAL Migration Movement between different regions of a country INTRAREGIONAL Migration movement within the same region of a country International Migration- Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.

FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migrants were FORCED to move There are several binaries which help us CATEGORIZE migration: VOLUNTARY Migration Migrants CHOSE to move FORCED Migration Migrants were FORCED to move International Migration- Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.

Most VOLUNTARY migration is driven by the want to find better economic conditions.

Most FORCED migration is caused by war, oppression, or natural disasters. People in La Paz, Bolivia, forced from their homes by landslides, now live in a ‘displaced persons’ camp outside the city.

Brutal fighting in Syria has forced more than HALF of the country’s population from their homes.

RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS E.G. RAVENSTEIN wrote ‘LAWS’ that describe migration. We will look at these during the migration unit. But for today, only his first. RAVENSTEIN’S FIRST LAW - DISTANCE Most migrants relocate a short distance, and remain within the same country. Long-distance (esp. international) migrants head for major centers of economic activity. 19th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants. At the time, the word, law, was known to mean theory.

STAGE 1: High DAILY or SEASONAL mobility in search of food. MIGRATION TRANSITION STAGE 1: High DAILY or SEASONAL mobility in search of food. STAGE 2: High INTERNATIONAL emigration and INTERREGIONAL migration from rural to urban areas. STAGE 3: High INTERNATIONAL immigration and interregional migration from cities to suburbs STAGE 4: Same as Stage 3, with some movement away from suburbs to urban/rural.

Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants – living in a country in which they were not born. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million currently live here. First era was marked by immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves. In the beginning of the second era, most migrants came from northern and western Europe. By the turn of the 20th Century, most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Third era marked a shift in the sending continents. Asia and Latin America were primary places of migrant origins.

Immigration to the United States has occurred in THREE MAIN WAVES

1.) COLONIAL MIGRATION WAVE Late 17th/Early 18th centuries About 2 million Europeans migrated to the US. Founded COASTAL POPULATION CENTERS which grew steadily into the first 13 Colonies. 90% were from Great Britain.

Hundreds of thousands of AFRICANS were forcibly brought to the New World in the TRIANGLE TRADE during the 1st Wave.

2.) MASS EUROPEAN MIGRATION Mid-Late 18th/Early 19th centuries Approximately 32 million people emigrated to the United States- >90% from Europe. Migration to the US during this era came in FOUR DINSTINCT WAVES

2nd WAVE WAVES 1.) 1840s-50s: Irish and German Northern Europe 2.) 1870s: Irish and German 3.) 1880s: Scandinavia- Northern Europe 4.) 1905-14: Southern /Eastern Europe ALL of these waves were driven by overpopulation as home countries moved into Stage 2.

Northern European migrants generally found greater acceptance, while many viewed those arriving from the South to be ‘undesirables’

Total European Immigrants to US GERMANY, 7.2 million ITALY, 5.4 million UK, 5.3 million IRELAND, 4.8 million RUSSIA, 4.1 million

The 2nd wave came to a sudden halt as the world slipped into a turbulent era. WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII kept the path to America closed for most immigrants.

3.) MODERN IMMIGRATION Immigrants from Asian and Latin American countries now account for the majority of arrivals in America.

MIGRATION today is UNEVEN in the United States- some regions have high immigration, other very low FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Counting ILLEGAL immigrants, this likely happened long ago. Mexico officially became the country with the most LEGAL migrants to America only a few years ago (beating Germany). Counting ILLEGAL immigrants, this likely happened long ago.

Second and Third US Population Waves TURBULENT ERA ASIAN/LATIN AMERICAN EUROPEANS FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century. Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants.