The Allied Victory Chapter 32, Section 4

Introduction On December 22, 1941, just after Pearl Harbor, Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt met at the White House to develop a joint war policy. Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German pressure on his armies in the east. He wanted them to open a second front in the west. This would split the Germans’ strength by forcing them to fight major battles in two regions instead of one. Churchill agreed with Stalin’s strategy. The Allies would weaken Germany on two fronts before dealing a deathblow. At first, Roosevelt was torn, but ultimately he agreed.

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts Churchill wanted Britain and the United States to strike first at North Africa and southern Europe. The strategy angered Stalin. He wanted the Allies to open the second front in France. The Soviet Union, therefore, had to hold out on its own against the Germans. All Britain and the United States could offer in the way of help was supplies. Nevertheless, late in 1942, the Allies began to turn the tide of war both in the Mediterranean and on the Eastern Front.

The North African Campaign Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes toward Egypt British General Montgomery attacks at El Alamein, forces Rommel back American forces land in Morocco, November 1942 General Dwight D. Eisenhower—American commander in Morocco In May 1943, Rommel’s forces defeated by Allies

Erwin Rommel “The Desert Fox” German General who led the North African campaign. WWII Battles commanded Invasion of Poland Fall of France Battle of Arras (1940) North African Campaign Siege of Tobruk (1941) Operation Crusader (1941) Battle of Gazala (1942) Battle of Bir Hakeim(1942) First Battle of El Alamein (1942) Battle of Alam Halfa (1942) Second Battle of El Alamein (1942) Battle of Medenine (1943) Battle of the Kasserine Pass (1943) Battle of Normandy (1944) Rank General Feldmarschall Commands held 7th Panzer Division (The Ghost Division) Afrika Korps Panzer Army Africa Army Group Africa Army Group B Assisted in the overthrow of Hitler, although not part of the assignation attempt. Committed Suicide to prevent persecution of staff & family

Bernard Montgomery "Monty" British commander who launched Battle of El Alamein, in which Rommel’s army was defeated. Rank Field Marshal Commands held Eighth Army 1942–1943 Allied 21st Army Group 1943–1945 Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1946–1948 Deputy Supreme Commander Europe of NATO 1951–1958

Dwight Eisenhower “Ike” American General who led the D-Day invasion General of the Army Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force 34th President of the US Mastermind of: Operation Torch The D-Day invasion

1. Battle of El Alamein Forced Rommel and his forces to retreat westward from Egypt. 23 October – 11 November 1942

2. Operation Torch November 1942 Landed American troops in North Africa; Finally ended Rommel’s North African campaign.

The Battle for Stalingrad July 17, 1942 and February 2, 1943 German army moves to capture Soviet oil fields Battle of Stalingrad—Soviets, Germans battle for control of the city German troops capture city, then surrender after a long battle.

3. Battle of Stalingrad Put German forces on the defensive with the Soviets, pushing them Westward. At the time of the Soviet counter-offensive: Allies 1,040,000 men: (400,000 Germans, 235,000 Italians, 200,000 Romanians, 200,000 Hungarians, 5,000 Croatians) 10,250 artillery pieces 500 tanks 732 (402 operational) aircraft German 2,500,000 men in total 1,143,000 men in Stalingrad area 13,451 artillery pieces 894 - 4,000 tanks 1,115 aircraft est. 850,000 killed, missing or wounded including 107,000 captured (only 6000 survived the captivity and returned home to 1955) 900 aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers used as transports) 1,500 tanks 6,000 artillery pieces Approx. 1,150,000 killed, missing or wounded including 478,741 killed and missing 650,878 wounded and sick 40,000 civilians dead 4,341 tanks 15,728 artillery pieces 2,769 combat aircraft

The Invasion of Italy 3 September 1943 U.S. and British forces land on and capture Sicily in 1943. Mussolini loses power, but Germans keep control of northern Italy Allies invade Italy, but Germans keep fighting there until the war ends.

4. Invasion of Italy Resulted in Allied conquest of Sicily and forced eventual surrender of Italy. Strength 189,000 (by September 16) 100,000 Casualties and losses 2,009 killed 7,050 wounded 3,501 missing 3,500 casualties

The Allied Home Fronts Wherever Allied forces fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support them. In war-torn countries like the Soviet Union and Great Britain, civilians endured extreme hardships. Many lost their lives. Except for a few of its territories, such as Hawaii, the United States did not suffer invasion or bombing. Nonetheless, Americans at home made a crucial contribution to the Allied war effort. Americans produced the weapons and equipment that would help win the war.

5. Propaganda campaigns on home front Rallied people on the home front to do their part to support the war effort.

Mobilizing for War Fighting the war requires complete use of all national resources 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many of them women—make weapons People at home face shortages of consumer goods Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid war effort

War Limits Civil Rights Japanese Americans face prejudice and fear Army puts Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkaQqzumMGE http://vimeo.com/29012607

Victory in Europe While the Allies were dealing with issues on the home front, they also were preparing to push toward victory in Europe. In 1943, the Allies began secretly building an invasion force in Great Britain. Their plan was to launch an attack on German held France across the English Channel.

The D-Day Invasion Allies plan invasion of France; use deception to confuse Germans D-Day—June 6, 1944; day of “Operation Overlord” invasion of France Allied forces capture Normandy beaches; liberate Paris by September

6. D-Day invasion Opened a second front in Europe; led to the liberation of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of the Netherlands from Nazi occupation. (June 6th 1944 –mid July 1944) Strength Allied German 1,332,000 (by 6-24) 380,000 (by 6-23) Casualties ~120,000 113,059 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_7XYaNAxZ4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cytrCXTHno

Operation Fortitude http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-day/videos/d-day-deception

The Battle of the Bulge U.S. and British forces advance on Germany from west, Soviets from east Battle of the Bulge—German counterattack in December 1944 Germans gain early success but are forced to retreat

7. Battle of the Bulge German offensive 1st successful, then Allies forced Germans to retreat; heavy losses for Germans.

Germany’s Unconditional Surrender By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from two sides Soviets surround Berlin in April 1945 Hitler commits suicide President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry Truman becomes president. On May 9, 1945, Germany officially surrenders, marking V-E Day

Finding the Nazi Death Camps https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHcJtU9dr6I

Victory in the Pacific Although the war in Europe was over, the Allies were still fighting the Japanese in the Pacific. With the Allied victory at Guadalcanal, however, the Japanese advances in the Pacific had been stopped. For the rest of the war, the Japanese retreated before the counterattack of the Allied powers.

8. Battle of Leyte Gulf Wiped out the Japanese Navy. Strength 8 fleet carriers 8 light carriers 18 escort carriers 12 battleships 24 cruisers 141 destroyers and destroyer escorts Many PT boats, submarines, and fleet auxiliaries About 1,500 planes 1 fleet carrier 3 light carriers 9 battleships 14 heavy cruisers 6 light cruisers 35+ destroyers 300+ planes (including land-based aircraft) Casualties and losses ~3,000 dead; 1 light carrier, 2 escort carriers, 2 destroyers, 1 destroyer escort sunk 200+ planes ~10,500 dead; 1 fleet carrier, 3 light carriers 3 battleships, 10 cruisers, 11 destroyers sunk ~500 planes http://military.discovery.com/tv-shows/ultimate-warfare/videos/diversion-at-sea-at-leyte-gulf.htm

Estimated 42,000–150,000 civilians killed 9. Battle of Okinawa Resulted in heavy losses for Japanese & moved Allies closer to an invasion of Japanese Homeland. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80fw7dqN-sk Strength 183,000 120,000 Casualties and losses 12,513 killed 38,916 wounded, 33,096 non-combat losses Total: 84,570 About 95,000+ killed 7,400–10,755 captured Total: 105,755+ Estimated 42,000–150,000 civilians killed

The Japanese in Retreat Allies move to retake Philippines in late 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf leaves Japanese navy badly damaged Kamikazes—Japanese pilots who fly suicide missions March 1945: American forces capture Iwo Jima June 1945: U.S. takes Okinawa. Japan suffers huge casualties

The Japanese Surrender Advisors warn Truman that invasion of Japan will cost many lives He has alternative: the atomic bomb Manhattan Project—a secret program to develop the atomic bomb Hiroshima bombed August 6, 1945; about 75,000 die Nagasaki bombed August 9, 1945: 70,000 die Japan surrenders September 2, 1945

The Manhattan Project building the atomic bomb http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-day/videos/manhattan-project?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

10. Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki Forced surrender of Japan and the end of the war. http://www.history.com/topics /world-war-ii/d-day/videos/atomic-bomb ?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false