© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Learning Outcomes 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their superficial features. 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton The limbs The supportive © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2). SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 (see Figure 7–1) Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdles 4 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpal bones 16 Metacarpal bones 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bone 2

2 Femur Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). 2 Femur Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsal bones 10 Phalanges 28

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Also called Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Consists of: Two Connects with the axial skeleton only at the © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium ( ) Articulate with the scapulae ( ) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle. Scapula Clavicle Jugular notch The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. a

Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle. Acromial end Sternal end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion b Superior view of the right clavicle.

Figure 8-2c The Right Clavicle. Sternal facet Acromial end LATERAL Costal tuberosity MEDIAL Cunoid tubercle Sternal end Inferior view of the right clavicle. Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid tubercle and the costal tuberosity. c

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Also called Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and collarbone Anterior surface depression is © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Structures of the scapula Body has Superior border Medial border (vertebral border) Lateral border (axillary border) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Body has The scapular head Superior angle Inferior angle Lateral angle (head) The scapular head Holds Which articulates with To form shoulder joint ( ) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Processes of the glenoid cavity Coracoid process Anterior, smaller Acromion Posterior, larger Articulates with clavicle At the joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula. Acromion Superior angle Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle a Anterior view

Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula. Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Spine Lateral border Inferior angle b Lateral view

Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula. Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle Posterior view c

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Posterior features of the scapula Scapular Ridge across posterior surface of body Separates two regions Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Upper Limbs Consist of: The arms, forearms, wrists, and hands Note: arm (brachium)  , the humerus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Also called the arm The long, upper arm bone Articulates with the pelvic girdle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis Separated by the Lateral Forms tip of shoulder Anterior, medial © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Rounded, articulating surface Contained within joint capsule Margin of joint capsule The narrow metaphysis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus The shaft A bulge in the shaft Attaches deltoid muscle For radial nerve Posterior to deltoid tuberosity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus The distal epiphysis Medial and lateral For muscle attachment of the humerus Articulates with ulna and radius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Articular regions of the condyle Coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa Articulates with ulna Radial fossa Articulates with radius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle a Anterior surface

Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea b Posterior surface

Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Medial epicondyle Trochlea Head of radius Capitulum Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna c Elbow joint, anterior view

Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Ulna Head of radius d Elbow joint, posterior view

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Forearm Also called the Consists of two long bones Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna The The coronoid process Superior end of ulna Superior lip of Articulates with trochlea of humerus The coronoid process Inferior lip of trochlear notch © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna Articulations with the humerus Forearm extended Olecranon enters fossa Forearm flexed Coronoid process enters © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna Other articulations Articulates with head of radius Forms proximal radioulnar joint Prominent styloid process Attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna A fibrous sheet Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm Disk-shaped above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps Articulations of the radius Ulnar notch Distal end Articulates with wrist and ulna Styloid process Stabilizes wrist joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Proximal radioulnar joint Radial head Neck of radius Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius a Posterior view

Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna. Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial head Radial notch Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of radius b Anterior view

Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Ulna Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch c

8-2 The Upper Limbs Carpal Bones Four proximal carpal bones Four distal carpal bones Allow wrist to bend and twist © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Near styloid process Lunate Medial to scaphoid Triquetrum Medial to lunate Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Lateral Trapezoid Medial to trapezium Capitate Largest Hamate Medial, distal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Carpals Radius Ulna Carpals Ulna Radius Carpals Lunate Scaphoid Scaphoid Pisiform Trapezium Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezoid Hamate I Trapezoid Capitate Metacarpal bones I V V II II III IV Metacarpal bones IV III Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Phalanges Proximal Proximal Middle Middle Distal Distal a Anterior view b Posterior view

8-2 The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones Phalanges of the Hands The five long bones of the hand from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges of the Hands 14 total finger bones (thumb) Two phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8-6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Carpals Radius Ulna Carpals Lunate Scaphoid Pisiform Triquetrum Trapezium Hamate Trapezoid Capitate I V IV Metacarpal bones II III Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal a Anterior view

Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Carpals Ulna Radius Carpals Lunate Scaphoid Pisiform Trapezium Triquetrum Trapezoid Hamate I Capitate Metacarpal bones V II IV III Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal b Posterior view