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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton The limbs The supportive girdles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2). SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 (see Figure 7–1) Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdles 4 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpal bones 16 Metacarpal bones 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bone 2
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2 Femur Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). 2 Femur Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsal bones 10 Phalanges 28
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Clavicles Also called collarbones
Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle.
Scapula Clavicle Jugular notch The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. a
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Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle.
Acromial end Sternal end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion b Superior view of the right clavicle.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades
Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and collarbone Anterior surface depression is subscapular fossa Structures of the scapula Body has three sides Superior border Medial border (vertebral border) Lateral border (axillary border) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Body has three corners
Superior angle Inferior angle Lateral angle (head) The scapular head Holds glenoid cavity Which articulates with humerus To form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Processes of the glenoid cavity
Coracoid process Anterior, smaller Acromion Posterior, larger Articulates with clavicle At the acromioclavicular joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula.
Acromion Superior angle Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle a Anterior view
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Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula.
Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Spine Lateral border Inferior angle b Lateral view
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Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula.
Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle Posterior view c
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8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Posterior features of the scapula
Scapular spine Ridge across posterior surface of body Separates two regions Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Also called the arm
The long, upper arm bone Articulates with the pelvic girdle Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis Separated by the intertubercular groove Greater tubercle Lateral Forms tip of shoulder Lesser tubercle Anterior, medial © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck
Rounded, articulating surface Contained within joint capsule Anatomical neck Margin of joint capsule Surgical neck The narrow metaphysis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus The shaft Deltoid tuberosity
A bulge in the shaft Attaches deltoid muscle Radial groove For radial nerve Posterior to deltoid tuberosity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus The distal epiphysis
Medial and lateral epicondyles For muscle attachment Condyle of the humerus Articulates with ulna and radius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Articular regions of the condyle
Trochlea Coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa Articulates with ulna Capitulum Radial fossa Articulates with radius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle a Anterior surface
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Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea b Posterior surface
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Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Medial epicondyle Trochlea Head of radius Capitulum Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna c Elbow joint, anterior view
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Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Ulna Head of radius d Elbow joint, posterior view
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Forearm Also called the antebrachium
Consists of two long bones Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna The olecranon Superior end of ulna
Point of elbow Superior lip of trochlear notch Articulates with trochlea of humerus The coronoid process Inferior lip of trochlear notch Articulations with the humerus Forearm extended Olecranon enters olecranon fossa Forearm flexed Coronoid process enters coronoid fossa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna Other articulations Radial notch
Articulates with head of radius Forms proximal radioulnar joint Ulnar head Prominent styloid process Attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm
Disk-shaped radial head above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps Articulations of the radius Ulnar notch Distal end Articulates with wrist and ulna Styloid process Stabilizes wrist joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon Proximal radioulnar joint Radial head Neck of radius Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius a Posterior view
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Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna.
Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial head Radial notch Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of radius b Anterior view
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Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Ulna Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch c
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate
Near styloid process Lunate Medial to scaphoid Triquetrum Medial to lunate Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Distal Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid
Lateral Trapezoid Medial to trapezium Capitate Largest Hamate Medial, distal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Carpals Radius Ulna Carpals Ulna Radius Carpals Lunate Scaphoid Scaphoid Pisiform Trapezium Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezoid Hamate I Trapezoid Capitate Metacarpal bones I V V II II III IV Metacarpal bones IV III Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Phalanges Proximal Proximal Middle Middle Distal Distal a Anterior view b Posterior view
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8-2 The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones Phalanges of the Hands
The five long bones of the hand Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges of the Hands 14 total finger bones Pollex (thumb) Two phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Carpals Radius Ulna Carpals Lunate Scaphoid Pisiform Triquetrum Trapezium Hamate Trapezoid Capitate I V IV Metacarpal bones II III Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal a Anterior view
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle The Pelvic Girdle
Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones Ilium (articulates with sacrum) Ischium Pubis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The acetabulum Acetabular notch
Also called the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior ramus Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Inferior ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral view
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ilium Greater sciatic notch
For sciatic nerve Iliac crest Upper brim Iliac fossa Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ischium Ischial spine
Above lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Posterior projection you sit on Ischial ramus Meets inferior ramus of pubis Superior ramus Meets pubic tubercle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Pubis Pubic symphysis
Gap between pubic tubercles Padded with fibrocartilage Obturator foramen Formed by ischial and pubic rami Attaches hip muscles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior ramus Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Inferior ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral view
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Figure 8-7b The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Iliac tuberosity Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Ischial spine Pubis Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Location of pubic symphysis b Right hip bone, medial view
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Pelvis
Articulations of the pelvic girdle Sacroiliac joint Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium With the sacrum Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone (see Figure 8–7) Ischium Iliac crest L5 Iliac fossa Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Ilium Arcuate line Pubis Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Pubic tubercle Ischium Obturator foramen a Anterior view
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Figure 8-8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone (see Figure 8–7) Ischium Iliac crest L5 Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Sacrum Greater sciatic notch Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Coccyx b Posterior view
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis True pelvis
Encloses pelvic cavity Pelvic brim Upper edge of true pelvis Encloses pelvic inlet Perineum region Inferior edges of true pelvis Forms pelvic outlet Perineal muscles support organs of pelvic False pelvis Blades of ilium above arcuate line © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-9a Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet a Superior view. The pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet.
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Figure 8-9b Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic brim True pelvis Pelvic outlet b Lateral view. The boundaries of the true (lesser) pelvis (shown in purple) and the (false) greater pelvis.
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Figure 8-9c Divisions of the Pelvis.
Pelvic outlet Ischial spine c Inferior view. The limits of the pelvic outlet.
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8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
Smoother and lighter Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments Pelvis modifications for childbearing Enlarged pelvic outlet Broad pubic angle (>100°) Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx Wide, circular pelvic inlet Broad, low pelvis Ilia project laterally, not upward © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4).
MALE SKULL FEMALE Heavier, rougher General Appearance Lighter, smoother About 10% larger Cranium About 10% smaller More sloping Forehead More vertical Larger Sinuses Smaller Larger Teeth Smaller Larger, more robust Mandible Smaller, less robust
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Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4).
PELVIS Narrower, rougher, more robust General Appearance Broader, smoother, less robust More vertical; extends farther superior to sacroiliac joint Ilium Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Sacrum Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Deeper Iliac fossa Shallower Narrower, heart shaped Pelvic inlet Open, circular shaped Narrow Pelvic outlet Enlarged Points anteriorly Coccyx Points inferiorly Directed laterally Acetabulum Faces slightly anteriorly Oval Obturator foramen Triangular Under 90 Pubic angle 100º or more OTHER Heavier Bone weight Lighter More prominent Bone markings Less prominent
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Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 3 of 4).
PELVIS Narrower, rougher, more robust General Appearance More vertical; extends farther superior to sacroiliac joint Ilium Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Sacrum Deeper Iliac fossa Narrower, heart shaped Pelvic inlet Narrow Pelvic outlet Points anteriorly Coccyx Directed laterally Acetabulum Oval Obturator foramen Under 90 Pubic angle OTHER Heavier Bone weight More prominent Bone markings
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Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 4 of 4).
PELVIS General Appearance Broader, smoother, less robust Ilium Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Sacrum Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Iliac fossa Shallower Pelvic inlet Open, circular shaped Pelvic outlet Enlarged Coccyx Points inferiorly Acetabulum Faces slightly anteriorly Obturator foramen Triangular Pubic angle 100º or more OTHER Bone weight Lighter Bone markings Less prominent
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Functions of the Lower Limbs
Weight bearing Motion Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head
Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum Attaches at fovea capitis The neck Narrow area between head and trochanters Joins shaft at angle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Trochanters
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter Tendon attachments Intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior) Mark edge of articular capsule © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The shaft Linea aspera
Most prominent ridge of shaft Attaches hip muscles Joins epicondyles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The distal epiphysis
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle Above the knee joint Medial condyle and lateral condyle Separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface Form part of knee joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur.
Neck Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Femoral head Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle a Anterior surface b Posterior surface
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Patella Also called the kneecap
A sesamoid bone Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris Base attaches quadriceps femoris Apex attaches patellar ligament © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior view
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Figure 8-12b The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior view
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Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle of femur c Inferior view of right femur and patella
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Tibia Also called the shinbone
Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Tibia The proximal epiphysis
Medial and lateral tibial condyles Separated by intercondylar eminence Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur Tibial tuberosity Attaches patellar ligament © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Tibia The shaft The distal epiphysis
Anterior margin Sharp ridge of shinbone The distal epiphysis Medial malleolus Medial projection at the ankle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes
Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Fibula Articulations with tibia
Fibula/tibia articulations Head Inferior tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Binds fibula to tibia Lateral malleolus Lateral projection of ankle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior articular surface a Anterior view
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Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) b Posterior view
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Figure 8-13c The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Interosseous membrane c Transverse section of tibia and fibula
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Ankle Also called the tarsus
Consists of seven tarsal bones Bones of the ankle Talus Carries weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone) Transfers weight from talus to ground Attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Cuboid Articulates with calcaneus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs The Ankle Bones of the ankle Navicular
Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Metatarsal Bones of the Foot
Five long bones of foot Numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Phalanges of the Foot Phalanges Hallux
14 bones of the toes Hallux Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) Other four toes Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot
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8-4 The Lower Limbs Arches of the Feet
Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another The longitudinal arch Calcaneal portion Lateral Talar portion Medial The transverse arch Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8-14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Calcaneus b Lateral view, right foot
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Figure 8-14c Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Medial cuneiform bone Navicular Talus Metatarsal bones Phalanges Calcaneus Transverse arch Longitudinal arch c Medial view, right foot
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8-5 Individual Skeleton Variation
Studying the Skeleton Reveals characteristics Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass) Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures) Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion) Body size © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 8-1 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 8-1 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 2 of 2).
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