CHAPTER 3 The British Atlantic World 1660–1750 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 3 The British Atlantic World 1660–1750 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. Who are the individuals depicted on this tobacco label, dating from around 1700? (Answer: In the foreground are three Virginia tobacco planters. In the background are three African slaves, working the tobacco field.) 2. What does this image suggest about the lives of Virginia’s tobacco planters at the beginning of the eighteenth century? (Answer: Their fancy clothes, wigs, and shoes suggest that these three planters are wealthy. They appear to be relaxing in the shade and enjoying tobacco from their fields, suggesting that they reap the benefits of tobacco cultivation without having to do the work themselves. This notion is confirmed by the fact that African slaves are seen performing the labor of tobacco cultivation in the background.) 3. What does this label tell us about the economic relationship that existed between Virginia and England in 1700? (Answer: The label, which was affixed to tobacco imported to London, clearly states that its origin was “London’s Virginia.” The label demonstrates that Virginia was a British economic satellite: that its colonists produced the tobacco sold in England and consumed English products such as wigs, cloth, buttons, buckles, etc.)

I. Colonies to Empire, 1660–1713 A. The Restoration Colonies and Imperial Expansion 1. The Carolinas 2. William Penn and Pennsylvania

I. Colonies to Empire, 1660–1713 B. From Mercantilism to Imperial Dominion 1. The Navigation Acts 2. The Dominion of New England 4

I. Colonies to Empire, 1660–1713 C. The Glorious Revolution in England and America 1. In England 2. Rebellions in America

II. Imperial Wars and Native Peoples A. Tribalization 1. Decline and reorganization 2. Political strategies 10

II. Imperial Wars and Native Peoples B. Indian Goals 1. Creeks 2. Mohawks and Abenakis

III. The Imperial Slave Economy A. The South Atlantic System 1. England and the West Indies 2. The Impact on Britain

III. The Imperial Slave Economy B. Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade 1. Africans and the Slave Trade 2. The Middle Passage and Beyond 15

1. What was the Middle Passage that is depicted in these two images 1. What was the Middle Passage that is depicted in these two images? (Answer: The Middle Passage was the journey African slaves endured on the ships that brought them from Africa to the New World. The ships were notoriously overcrowded and filthy, and the mortality rate among Africans on the journey was quite high). 2. How does the image on the right differ from the one on the left? Why might the artist have painted the scene in this way? (Answer: The image on the right is painted as if the artist were there in the ship’s hold, whereas the other is a cutaway aerial view. The conditions are far from comfortable, but the African passengers do not look miserable, sick, or malnourished. The artist, a ship’s officer, might have been seeking to minimize the brutality of the trip.) 3. What is the source of the image on the left? Do you think it was intended to convey a particular message, or not? (Answer: The image on the left was the actual plan for a Liverpool slave ship designed to hold 482 Africans packed in very tightly. It was created to be informational—to show how shippers could utilize the space to transport as many Africans as possible. The image was printed by England’s Abolitionist Society to show the inhumanity of the slave trade and slavery itself. Though it does not show sickness, filth, or starvation, it clearly conveys the difficult conditions the African passengers endured.)

III. The Imperial Slave Economy C. Slavery in the Chesapeake and South Carolina 1. Chesapeake 2. South Carolina

III. The Imperial Slave Economy D. An African American Community Emerges 1. Building Community 2. Resistance and Accommodation 3. The Stono Rebellion

III. The Imperial Slave Economy E. The Rise of the Southern Gentry 1. William Byrd II 2. White identity and equality

IV. The Northern Maritime Economy A. The Urban Economy 1. American merchants 2. American cities 3. American shippers and teamsters

IV. The Northern Maritime Economy B. Urban Society 1. Upper classes 2. Middle ranks 3. Lower classes 27

V. The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750 A. The Rise of Colonial Assemblies B. Salutary Neglect

V. The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750 C. Protecting the Mercantile System 1. Commercial Aggression 2. War of Jenkins’s Ear

V. The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750 D. Mercantilism and the American Colonies 1. The Politics of Mercantilism