Memory

Memory • Memory: Refers to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, and yourself.

If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger. We use three processes to control the movement of information in memory; encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Studying Memory: Information Processing Models Preview Question 1: How do psychologists describe the human memory system? Keyboard (Encoding) Disk (Storage) Monitor (Retrieval) Sequential Process

Encoding. Encoding is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. Unless information is encoded, it cannot be remembered. If you have encoded someone's name in the category of "people in my class," you might not be able to identify that person when you see them in the grocery store.

Storage. Storage : It is the process of holding information in memory to be processed or used. Three-stage of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.

Storage: Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

Some memories we will hold for years, other memories we hold only long enough to use the information, such as looking up a phone number and retaining it long enough to place the call.

Sensory memory. Sensory memory is a type of memory that lasts only very briefly. Unless it is attended to and passed on for more processing, the memory is quickly forgotten. The aim of sensory memory is to give the brain some time to process the incoming sensations. allow us to see the world as an unbroken stream of events rather than as individual pieces

The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses. Sensory Memories The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses. Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long

Short-Term Memory Most of the information that gets into sensory memory is forgotten, but information that we turn our attention to, with the goal of remembering it, may pass into short-term memory.

Short-term memory (STM) or working memory is the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute. Information in short-term memory is not stored permanently but rather becomes available for us to process, and the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM are known as working memory.

Long-term Memory If information makes it past short term-memory it may enter long-term memory (LTM), memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years.

The capacity of long- term memory is large, and there is no known limit to what we can remember . Although we may forget at least some information after we learn it, other things will stay with us forever.

Retrieval Rrefers to the process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory. Memory would be useless without the ability to retrieve the memories that we have created. There are several factors that can influence the retrieval of information from memory; the context, our physiological state or mood, the order of presentation and our ability to rehearse the information, and competing information in memory.

There are several factors that can influence the retrieval of information from memory; 1. The context, 2. Our physiological state or mood, 3.The order of presentation and our ability to rehearse the information, and competing information in memory

Memories are stored in connected synapses through the process of long-term potentiation (LTP). In addition to the cortex, other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the amygdala, are also important in memory long- term potentiation (LTP), refers to the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as result of frequent stimulation

• Memory is influenced by chemicals including glutamate, serotonin, epinephrine, and estrogen.

Location of Memory Different brain structures help us remember different types of information. The hippocampus is particularly important in explicit واضح memories. The cerebellum is particularly important in implicitضمني memories. The amygdala is particularly important in emotional memories

Hippocampus Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories. Weidenfield & Nicolson archives

Cerebellum Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories.

Measures of Memory In recognition, the person must identify an item amongst other choices. (A multiple-choice test requires recognition.) Name the capital of France. Brussels Rome London Paris

Measures of Memory In recall, the person must retrieve information using effort. (A fill-in-the blank test requires recall.) The capital of France is ______.

Measures of Memory In relearning, the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when learning material for the second time. List Jet Dagger Tree Kite … Silk Frog Ring List Jet Dagger Tree Kite … Silk Frog Ring Original Trials Relearning Trials 1 day later Saving X 100 Relearning Trials 10 5 X 100 10 It took 10 trials to learn this list It took 5 trials to learn the list 50%

Forgetting An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval. Preview Question 9: Why do we forget?

We cannot remember what we do not encode. Encoding Failure We cannot remember what we do not encode.

Retrieval Failure Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed. Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an H (hemoglobin).

Interference Learning some new information may disrupt retrieval of other information.

Improving Memory Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall. Spend more time or actively thinking about the material. Use mnemonic devices: associate with peg words make up a story chunk قطع— acronymsاختصارات Preview Question 12: How can an understanding of memory contribute to more effective study techniques?

Improving Memory Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation. Minimize interference: Test your own knowledge. Rehearseتدريب and then determine what you do not yet know. © LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis

Lec. Quiz. Define the following Encoding of information Storage of information 2. Complete : . ………….is particularly important in explicit memories. ……………is particularly important in implicit memories. ……………is particularly important in emotional memories

Put (√) or wrong (χ) Encoding is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory( ) Memory the ability to store and retrieve information over time ( ) Sensory memory is a type of memory that lasts very long ( ) The amygdala is particularly important in emotional memories( ) storage is inability to retrieve information ( )