The Earth System and its subsystems: MATTER is recycled over and over again Earth’s Cycles

Earth system CYCLES Hydrological cycle Carbon cycle Rock cycle Figure 1.17 Hydrological cycle Carbon cycle Rock cycle Energy Cycle Recycling cycle Interface: A common boundary where different parts of a system come in contact and interact

Cycles are linked: a change in one cycle can produce change in any or all the others

Hydrologic Cycle water cycle The continuous circulation (recycling) of water through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere Water in all three phases Solid ice, liquid water, gaseous water vapor.

Hydrologic Cycle

Water enters the atmosphere by Water leaves the atmosphere as -evaporation (from oceans and lakes, soil, surfaces) -transpiration (from plants) also called evapo-transpiration. -perspiration, respiration from animals - precipitation from clouds (rain, snow) - infiltration (soaks into ground) - interception by trees - condensation (dew) - run-off into oceans

Rock Cycle

Carbon is in many forms: Carbon cycle is called the Bio-geo-chemical cycle SOLID LIQUID GAS

The Carbon Cycle and the Geosphere Diamonds are pure Carbon Limestone CaCO3 Outgassing of CO2 in volcanic eruptions Fossil fuels/coal contain hydrocarbons

Dissolves in and out of the ocean Phytoplankton: photosynthesis

Carbon goes into the atmosphere: Carbon goes out of the atmosphere: -burning fossil fuels (combustion) - exhaling (respiration) - decomposition of organic matter volcanic eruptions Dissolving of limestone rock - Photosynthesis (plants take it in) - STORED in organic (all living) matter - Dissolves into oceans Phytoplankton (plants in ocean) take it in Shells of marine organisms Stored in rocks (limestone, chalk) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrIr3xDhQ0E Video clip on the Carbon Cycle

Feedback mechanisms Positive-feedback mechanisms add change to the system for the better or worse. Negative-feedback mechanisms resist change and stabilize the system (“homeostasis”) Combustion: burning fossil fuels, industry, forest fires, deforestation: cutting down large areas of trees - reduces photosynthesis Respiration and decomposition of animals Plants and phytoplankton use photosynthesis to remove CO2 Whales store CO2 Calcifiers use and store CO2 in their shells and skeletons; these shells and the remains of the organisms become limestone rock for even longer term storage

Carbon Cycle Lab A Year in The Life of Earth’s Carbon Dioxide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8976iKm3fYI Bozeman Science Climate change

The Geosphere in the Carbon Cycle Lab Part 1 Purpose: Release carbon that was stored in a carbon sink in the ocean back into the carbon cycle by releasing the CO2 in limestone rock. Hypothesis: Procedures: React limestone or chalk to weak acid solution. Collect and test the gas that is released. Identify the gas using an indicator. CaCO3 + HCl  CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O Limestone acid carbon calcium water rock dioxide chloride

Carbon Sink a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Part 1: The Geosphere in the Carbon Cycle CO2 gas In the atmosphere CO2 from combustion combines with H2O in the atmosphere to forms acidic rain CO2 dissolves into the ocean Millions of years of weathering of rocks on land runs-off and allows Ca ions to be dissolved into the ocean. When the limestone rock is uplifted, exposed and weathered, the carbon then returns to the atmosphere. CaCO3 When calcifers die and decay their shells and skeletons collect and compact on the sea floor to form limestone rock. Carbon is stored in the rock for millions of years: CARBON SINK Carbonate is removed from the ocean to make the shells and bones of marine animals. Limestone rock CaCO3

Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and the Carbon Cycle Lab Part 2 Purpose: Investigate the acidity of the ocean due to carbon dioxide. Hypothesis: Procedures: Generate CO2 Dissolve CO2 into water to change the pH to be more acidic Measure the change in pH

Atmosphere and the Carbon Cycle Lab Part 2 (cont.) Data: (qualitative observations and/or quantitative data, data table: Conclusion /Summary: Questions:

H+ ions accumulate OH- ions accumulate

Ocean Acidification Carbon dioxide + water --------- carbonic acid CO2 + H2O --------- H2CO3 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/history.html CO2 levels, emissions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo-bHt1bOsw ocean acidification 3 min

The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Lab Part 3 Purpose: Determine the effect of acidic ocean water on calcifiers’ shells and skeletons. Hypothesis: Procedures: Online Sea Urchin Virtual Lab Expose the embryos to a more acidic environment (5 days). 3. Determine the change in appearance/mass/arm length.

The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle Lab Part 3 (cont.) Data: (qualitative observations and/or quantitative data, data table: Calculate the percent % change in mass Conclusion /Summary: Questions:

SEA URCHIN EXAMPLES OF MARINE CALCIFIERS (A) CORALLINE ALGAE (B) HALIMEDA (C) BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA (D) REEF-BUILDING CORAL (E) DEEP-WATER CORAL (F ) BRYOZOAN (G) MOLLUSK (H) ECHINODERM (BRITTLE STAR) (I) CRUSTACEAN (LOBSTER) SEA URCHIN

Part 3: The Biosphere and the Carbon Cycle CO2 gas In the atmosphere CO2 dissolves into the ocean Millions of years of weathering of rocks on land runs-off and allows Ca ions to be dissolved into the ocean. CaCO3 + HCl  CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O Calcium hydrochloric carbon calcium water Carbonate acid dioxide chloride CaCO3 Carbonate is removed from the ocean, combined with the calcium to make the shells and bones of marine animals.

Fossil Limestone formation Limestone rock CaCO3 Fossil Limestone formation Chalk limestone

Planet Earth: Open or Closed System? Can systems CHANGE? How?

Earth system science System Closed systems: MATTER is contained, but energy can freely flow in and out. Open systems - both energy and matter flow into and out of the system B A C D

Energy Cycle Sources of ENERGY: SUN – drives external processes such as weather, climate, ocean circulation and erosional processes Earth’s interior heat– from our early formation and continuous radioactive decay of elements drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building