1. Climate & the Carbon Cycle Earth is a closed system. Carbon is not gained or lost, it just cycles through the different spheres (Atmosphere; Hydrosphere; Geosphere; Biosphere) Atmospheric CO2 is a GHG. It traps I.R. energy radiated from Earth’s surface; temperatures increase.

2. Climate Change: Global Warming Global Warming = Increase in air and ocean temperatures. Due to changes in Earth’s Energy Budget.

3. Greenhouse Effect & CO2 Greenhouse Gases = Gases that prevent I.R. wavelengths from E’s surface from escaping to outer space. CO2 = GHG

4. Measuring Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Ice Cores: Gas bubbles trapped in ice are miniature atmospheres that can be studied. Measured directly from. Mauna Loa

5. Carbon Dioxide Levels CO2 levels are determined from gas bubbles trapped in ice (Vostock Lake, Antarctica) Temperatures can be determined from 18O:16O ratios.

6. CO2 levels are determined from gas bubbles trapped in ice (Vostock Lake, Antarctica) Temperatures can be determined from 18O:16O ratios.

8. Evidence of Global Warming: Measured increases in Carbon Dioxide Levels Modern CO2 levels measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

9. Evidence of Global Warming: Increasing Sea Surface Temperatures & Sea Level Rise

10. Evidence of Global Warming: Glacial Retreats

11. Carbon Cycle: Key Ideas Reservoirs: a term used to describe the compartments that contain carbon in some form (e.g.: atmosphere, soil, water, in plants, etc) Photosynthesis: CO 2 from atmosphere turned into “sugar” Respiration: cells convert sugars from food into CO 2 Fossilization: processes involving extreme pressures that turn various kinds of carbon into fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas) Sedimentation: material settles to bottom of aquatic system Food Chain: carbon is transferred up the food chain as animals consume plants and other animals. Eventually, upon death, the carbon is returned to soil and sediments. Volcanism: volcanoes can cycle carbon back to the atmosphere. As rock melts to form magma, carbonate (CO 3 -2 ) is turned into CO 2 Chemical Weathering: Carbon dioxide from air dissolves in water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid weathers rock surfaces. Combustion: fires or burning of fossil fuels returns carbon to the atmosphere

12. Atmospheric CO 2 Carbon in Trees, Plants, Algae CO 2 Dissolved in Ocean Carbon in Animals Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in shells, etc Carbon in Sediment Carbon in Fossil Fuels Carbon in Soil Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Rock (limestone) uptake dissolving Uplift & Mt. Building exposes new rock

13. Atmospheric CO 2 Carbon in Trees, Plants, Algae CO 2 Dissolved in Ocean Carbon in Animals Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in shells, etc Carbon in Sediment Carbon in Fossil Fuels Carbon in Soil Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Rock (limestone) Respiration Bacterial Respiration photosynthesis Food Chain fossilizationpressure uptake Chemical weathering burning firesdissolving Uplift/Mt. Buidling exposes new rock volcanoes

14. Volcanism ADDS CO2 to the atmosphere. Mt. Building & the chemical weathering of new rock REMOVES CO2 from the atmosphere. Geosphere   Atmosphere

16. Atmosphere   Hydrosphere  Geosphere CO2 gas Dissolved CO2 used by plankton which die Plankton settle to bottom of ocean floor. Sediment layers become rock.

17. Biosphere  Geosphere Plankton use dissoved CO2 in water for photosynthesis. Plankton die (or are consumed/decomposed by other organisms, which die). Dead plankton bring carbon to the ocean floor where it will become ROCK.

18. Warming or Cooling?  Increased volcanism?  Increase in mountain building & weathering?  Deforestation?  Increased photosynthesis by marine plankton?  Increased frequency of forest fires?  Increased combustion of fossil fuels?  Decreased volcanic activity  Increased use of solar energy or wind power.

19. Ways to Reduce atmospheric CO2?  Reduced volcanism?  Mountain building & increased weathering?  Increased photosynthesis?  Increased absorption of CO2 by ocean?  Changing land use (forests, urban areas, etc.)?  Increase the amount or rate that carbon becomes rock?  Decrease combustion of fossil fuels?

20. Results of increased levels of CO2  Increased atmospheric and sea surface temperature.  Ice caps/glaciers melt.  Flooding of coastal areas due to sea level rise.  Droughts in some locations/increased productivity in others.  Decrease in salinity of ocean water changes ocean circulation (& climate patterns).  Ocean acidification (dissolved CO2 forms an acid in water)  reef organisms dissolve  Increase in insect borne (tropical) diseases (Malaria, etc.)  Economic loses.

21. Results of Global Warming Flooding due to rise in sea level. Change in “who” grows food. Coral reefs die b/c acidification.