Lesson 1: Europe’s High and Late Middle Ages Chapter 15 Lesson 1: Europe’s High and Late Middle Ages

Essential Questions How did the Catholic Church influence the people of medieval Europe? How did the Crusades influence Europe? Why did feudalism decline in Europe?

Key Vocabulary Cathedral Crusader Crusade Knight Reconquista Burgher Guild Magna Carta

An Age of Faith The Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions during the Middle Ages. It had its own government, laws, and even taxes! Some Church officials tried to grow rich and were corrupt.

Others tried to change, or reform the Church. Pope Gregory VII: outlawed the selling of Church positions Benedictines: an order or monks who lived simple Catholic lives.

Cathedrals Large Christian churches Represented a renewed faith and hope of the time. The new architectural style of this time period was called gothic.

Buttresses press against the cathedral’s walls to provide support.

Most cathedrals are shaped like a cross.

Traditionally, the spire stands where the building forms the center of the cross.

Some stained glass windows on cathedrals are called roses because of their shape.

Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, France) St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New York, NY)

The Crusades In 1095, Pope Urban II called on Christians to help retake the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims. Peasants, serfs, knights and criminals set out to the Holy Land to fight for a new life. Between 1095 and 1291, there were 8 Crusades.

Effects of the Crusades Contact with the Byzantine and Muslim cultures brought new ideas to Europeans. Science and math Maps of stars and algebra Surgery The Reconquista – “an all Catholic Spain”

Trade & Cities Improvements in agriculture led to an increase in food production and population. A new social class develops. The burghers were merchants and craft workers They formed guilds, or trade associations to protect their class.

Trade & Cities Local markets were now medieval fairs with spices, silk, and hand-crafted goods. Money-lenders and bankers developed. Universities developed Bologna, Italy

Social Classes in the High Middle Ages Upper Middle Lower Pope Church Leaders Nobles knights 1. burghers Peasants Serfs

The End of Feudalism Kings and nation-states formed, taking power from the nobles and the Church. To keep some of their power, a group of nobles wrote the Magna Carta.

The Magna Carta “Great Charter” Year: 1215 Protected the freedoms of all classes of people Trial by jury General consent before taxation Limited the power of the king The U.S. Constitution has its roots in the MC.

Further Decline 100 Years’ War The Black Death Drove the English out of France The Black Death Bubonic plague killed ¼ of Europe’s population

Complete the Chart Powerful People Influential Events Important Places