B and D Period Review Unit 3 Review Guide – Age of Absolutism Hapsburg Romanov Hapsburg Bourbon Hohenzollern

How did Philip II extend Spain’s power and establish a golden age?

What lands did Phillip inherit? What advantages did they provide? - Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Southern Italy - Colonies imported lots of gold, silver and raw materials. Netherlands center of a trading empire. Why and how did Phillip centralize and increase his power? - Centralize gov’t at El Escorial, no advisors (all power to the king), used the Inquisition as a tool to get rid of political rivals. - WHY? By centralizing authority Philip was able to make himself have ABSOLUTE control over his empire

Expansion of Spain’s influence Battle of Lepanto: Spain and Italian allies defeat the Ottomans, Catholicism defeats Muslim forces and gains power over Mediterranean Demonstration of Spain and Catholicism power The Dutch Revolt: Long (80 yrs) war – costly fight for control over the Dutch. Began b/c Phillip tries to force Catholicism on the Dutch Spain loses a lot of $ and eventually the Dutch still get their freedom Spanish Armada: Large fleet of ships attacking England, demonstration of Spain’s power but… Most of fleet sinks off of the English coast. Spain loses a lot of $ and never becomes a world power ever again. ENGLAND PREVAILS

The Siglo de Oro How did Phillip encourage the Spanish Renaissance? - Phillip was a patron of the arts, founds academies for math and science, hires court painters, builds El Escorial…

How did France become the leading power of Europe under the control of the Bourbon dynasty?

Making France a strong state Henry IV Coverts to Catholicism to end religious conflict. Passes Edict of Nantes to grant religious tolerance Cardinal Richelieu Reduced power of Huguenots and French nobility, destroyed feudal castles and outlawed private armies Louis XIV “I am the State” Builds Versailles, refuses to call the estates general, hires Colbert to regulate the economy, build a bureaucracy and takes power away from the nobles

Versailles How did the royal court at Versailles glorify the Bourbon dynasty and France? Versailles displays the material wealth of France Versailles displays Louis XIV’s personal power (centralization of the government, making the nobles live with him, etc.) Versailles displays the ability of France to produce great things (Versailles is made entirely from French products and much of the art work is by French Artists)

What led to the emergence of Austria and Prussia as European Powers and rivals?

How did the 30 yrs war and the Peace of Westphalia divide the Holy Roman Empire? Politically: The Peace treaty destroys the HRE – over 300 new German states are formed when the HRE lost the 30 yrs war. Socially – many of the areas in the HRE are physically devastated by the extreme fighting that this war produced (depopulation is as great as 1/3 in some areas)

How did the Hohenzollerns establish authority in Brandenburg-Prussia? How did the Hapsburgs unite their lands and repair their authority? (ie: Maria Theresa) Set up efficient central bureaucracy and modernized Austria (Maria Theresa reforms can be used as examples) How did the Hohenzollerns establish authority in Brandenburg-Prussia? Growth of the military under Frederick II = expansion of Prussia. What was the War of Austria Succession? Why was it fought? Prussia vs. Austria (Prussia attacks Austrian just as Maria Theresa is coming to power.) War was fought over one of the Austrian provinces & for who would be the next great power in central Europe (Austrian never gains land back but stops Prussia’s advance = there will be two great powers in Central Europe…)

How did the European Balance of Power lead to the start of the 7 yrs war? Rivalry led to competition (between Austria – Prussia and England – France) Balance of power is based on alliance system so when one country goes to war they are often followed by other countries

How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great strengthen Russia and Expand its territories?

Westernization and Modernization of Russia Peter’s Policies toward the boyars: Western clothes, shaves the beards and get a REAL job… Peter’s social and economic reforms: Builds schools, museums, library, imported western technology and Russian alphabet. Catherine’s reforms and interests: State sponsored education for boys and girls, Public works, modernizes the legal system and organizes the gov’t. – warm water port Catherine’s treatment of the serfs: Harsh to the serfs, puts down a revolt, (expand serfdom)

Russian Expansion and conquest Peter’s navy and warm-water ports: In cold port the ships are frozen, no trade during the winter months. War with Ottoman empire for warm ports… Peter loses. The Great Northern War and St. Petersburg: Sweden and Russia go to war over land that Peter wanted to build St. Petersburg on. Exploration of the Pacific Ocean: West – Alaska, Northern Cal, Siberia Partition of Poland: the dividing up of Poland – Russia, Prussia and Austria all divide up Poland

Absolutism, absolute monarchy: Spain/Hapsburgs Economic control Social control Political control Special documents / actions to achieve goals: France Special documents/ actions to achieve goals: Austria

Absolutism, absolute monarchy: Prussia Economic control Social control Political control Special documents / actions to achieve goals: Russia Special documents/ actions to achieve goals: Rulers Spain France Austria