ORAL CARE

ORAL CARE PRODUCTS Dentifrice Oral Rinses

ORAL ENVIRONMENT Teeth Gingiva / Mucosa Saliva Plaque Tartar Caries Periodontal Disease

ORAL ENVIRONMENT CARIES A progressively destructive, infectious disease resulting in: Demineralization of enamel / cementum Bacterial penetration to pulp Formation of macroscopic activity Caries promotion Caries reduction dietary carbohydrate increased salivary flow reduced salivary flow reduced plaque cariogenic bacteria fluoride Sound enamel plaque acid prod saliva acid neutralization mineral loss mineral gain (fluoride) Lesions Cavity

COMPOSITION OF DENTIFRICES

COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES A dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth (American Dental Association) TOOTHPASTE: Toothpaste is a colloidal suspension of a mixture of ingredients that must be carefully balanced in order to provide an efficacious, safe, and consumer friendly product

TOOTHPASTE CONSIDERATIONS Safety and Efficacy Controlled foaming Abrasiveness Consistency Consumer Friendly Pleasing taste Ease of use Pleasing appearance

PRODUCT CRITERIA Minimum one year shelf life Easily dispensable Compatible with the package Efficacious Safe

TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENTS Abrasive Binder Humectant Sweetener Flavor Surfactant Active Ingredients

ABRASIVE / POLISHING AGENTS Function: Cleaning and polishing by providing friction.( 20-50%) Characteristics: Solid, insoluble particles Abrasive Potential for fluoride interaction in case of calcium salts

ABRASIVE Types : Silica ( organic softer version ) Phosphate Salts – ie “Dical” Carbonates – ie Calcium Carbonate or Chalk ( mineral type capable of eroding the enamel surface) Others

Chalk or precipitated calcium carbonate Double decomposition of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate Dicalcium phosphate Low in abrasion , incompatible with most flourides, should contain a stabilizer to prevent grittiness or caking on ageing hence can be replaced with magnesium phosphate.

SILICAS Two types Abrasive silica Thickening silica Abrasives are dense, relatively non absorbant, odourless and tasteless Known as xerogels free of voids or air spaces Minimal effect on the consistency of finished paste

Thickening silica ( aero gels) Small sized particles with very large surface areas Capable of swelling and thickening the paste. In combination with abrasive silica form the basis of clear gel pastes and become transparent when mixed with liquid ingredients Non reactive and compatible with flourides

BINDER Function: Characteristics: Used to stabilize toothpaste formulations to prevent separation of the liquid and solid phases Characteristics: Can be natural or synthetic

BINDER (0.9- 2 %) Types: Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers Others Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Carrageenans Xanthan Gum Synthetic Polymers Others

HUMECTANT Function: Characteristics: Used in toothpaste to prevent loss of water and subsequent hardening of the product upon exposure to air Characteristics: 1. Affect taste perception 2. 80% level produce a clear translucent toothpaste 3. 20-40% produces opaque toothpastes

HUMECTANT Types: Glycerine Sorbitol( 70%) less exp than glycerin Polyethylene Glycol Xylitol Propylene Glycol (viscosity and bitterness limits its utility )

SWEETENER Types: Sodium Saccharin Sodium Cyclamate Acesulfame K

SWEETENER Function: Characteristics: An important part of toothpaste flavoring system Characteristics: Government regulations Non-cariogenic

FLAVOR Function: Characteristics: Improve taste of toothpaste Characteristics: One of the most important factors for consumer A mixture of flavoring agents

FLAVOR Types: Minty Fruity Medicinal Cinnamon

Oral products have a unique and specialized flavor requirements Oral products have a unique and specialized flavor requirements. To be successful in oral products, a flavor must: Have a pleasant taste while brushing Leave a pleasant taste in your mouth after brushing Be compatible with the base

All factors being roughly equal – “mouthfeel” appearance, perceived therapeutic attributes, etc. – the consumer will look to flavor as the determinant in selecting a product for use day after day and year after year.

SURFACTANT Function: Characteristics: 1.Produce foam and aid in the removal of debris 2.Emulsifies flavoring agents 3. reduces surface tension between dentrifices and mouth plague and increases penetration between cavities and gums. Characteristics: May react with other toothpaste components High level may cause mucosal irritation

SURFACTANT ( 0.5-2%) Types: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate PEG Oil

FLUORIDE ACTIVES Function: Characteristics: Regulated by Government Increase resistance to enamel solubility Characteristics: Regulated by Government Restricted usage level Soluble fluoride ion is essential for activity

FLUORIDE ACTIVES Types: Sodium Fluoride NaF Sodium Monofluorophosphate MFP Stannous Fluoride SnF2

Anticaries Dentifrices: FDA Tentative Final Monograph

OTHER ACTIVES Tartar Polyphosphates Zinc Citrate Plaque / Gingivitis Triclosan SnF2 Chlorhexidine Desensitizer Potassium Nitrate Whitening Calcium Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide

TYPICAL COMPOSITION Ingredients Weight % Humectants 60 – 20 Water 0 – 50 Binders 0 – 12 Abrasive 18 – 50 Flavor 0.5 – 2.0 Sweetener 0.2 – 1.0 Surfactant 0.5 – 2.0 Fluoride 0.2 – 1.2

MOUTHWASHES or ORAL RINSES

Ingredients of Dentifrices and Oral Rinses

Mouthwash Components Source: Morton Pader (Table 2) p. 500