2.  Introduction  Dental Anatomy  Dental Problems  Types  Composition  Application.

3.  Dentifrices term is derived from “dens means tooth” and “fricare means to rub”.  The Dentifrices,including toothpowder and toothpaste,are agents used along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth.  They are supplied in paste,powder,gel or in liquid form.

4. A single teeth

5.  Caries  Gingivitis  Calculus  Tooth sensitivity  Tooth decay  Tooth erosion  Bad breath (Halitosis)  Gum (peridontal) diseases  Mouth sores.

6.  Therapeutic Dentifrices :- They must reduce some disease process in mouth such as caries incidence,gingivitis,calculus formation,tooth sensitivity.  Cosmetic Dentifrices :-They are effective in removing of extrinsic staining that occur on tooth surface often the end product of bacteria metabolism,range from green to yellow to black.

7. MaterialAmmount in % Abrasive20-50 Water20-40 Humectant20-35 Detergent1-3 Thickening Agent1-2 Flavour0-2 Sweetner0-2 Therapeutic agents0-2 Colour or Preservatives0.05-0.5

8.  Abrasive Agents (Calcium carbonate,Calcium Phosphate) :- Forms bulk of tooth product.Helps to polish tooth by eliminating calculus and soft deposits and food particles struck on tooth.  Humectant (Sorbitol,Mannitol):-they prevent drying of toothpaste and maintains wetness and to maintain consistency of toothpaste.  Detergent (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate):-It is logical cleaning agent,the foaming action of detergents aids in removal of food debris.

9.  Flavouring (spearmint,peppermint,wintergreen):-They provide a pleasant taste,it should refreshing after taste.  Sweetening Agent (Saccharin):-Added to make the paste acceptable for use in mouth.  Anti plaque and Anti gingivitis (stannus salts,stannus pyrophosphate and zinc citrate):-to maintain gum health.  Antibacerial Agent (triclosan):-This agents is effective in reduction of plaque,calculus and gingivities.

10.  Role of fluoride as anticaring agent:- Caries is decay of teeth probably due to the action of acids (lactic acid) obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. Measures for prevention of caries include flossing and brushing accompanied by fluoride,administered either internally or topically to the teeth. Fluorides inhibit caries formation by decreasing acid solubility of enamel and by inhibiting bacterial enzymes.

11.  Desensitizing Agents:- blocks unpleasant sensations from reaching dental pulp. Examples-Potassium salts (such as potasium nitrate,potassium chloride,potassium citrate),sodium fluoride,strontium chloride,dibasic sodium citrate,formaldehyde.

12.  Sodium Fluoride :-It is used for prophylaxis of dental caries in communities where intake of fluoride is low. It renders the dentine and enamel of teeth more resist to acid.It may applied topically to teeth as toothpaste or as 2% solution. If excess of fluoride is consumed for a long period,dental fluorosis,seen as mottled enamel,may develop. Fluoride is a normal component of body fluids and deposited in bones and teeth.

13.  Eugenol Cement :-Dental cements are used by dentists during restoration of teeth. Zinc oxide-eugenol cement is a low strength base used as a temporary cement filling in the event that the patient will return at a letter date for a semi-permanent restoration. The powder is mainly zinc oxide and the liquid is eugenol with olive oil as a plasticizer.

14.  Amount of toothpaste or gel needed for effective cleaning is per sized dab on the top half of the toothbrush.  Children under 6 years of age should only be dentifrices as given half the amount of compared to that of an adult.  Parents should make sure a pea sized portion of fluoride paste is on the child’s toothbrush and remind the child to rinse and spit.

15.  Inorganic medicinal and Pharmaceutical chemistry.BLOCK.ROCHE.SOINE.WILSON. VARGHESE PUBLISHING HOUSE,.page no-356  Inorganic pharmaceutical chemisry,third edition,by.,H.P.Tipnis.,A.S.Dhake. CAREER Publication,page no-193  www.google.com.