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2.  Fluoride is the ionic form of the element fluorine.  Fluoride is a mineral found throughout the earth's crust and widely distributed in nature.  Found in soils rich in fluorspar,cryolite,and other minerals. 2

3. 3 Small amounts: fruits,vegetables,cereals. Rich amounts: sea foods and tea leaves.

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5.  Water  Topical agents (toothpaste). According to WHO  Flouridated Salt / Milk 5

6. - Most effective method of deliver fluoride to a target.Advantages: 1- low cost. 2- minimal fluorosis. 3- freely available.Disadvantages: - There is now international efforts to reduce sodium intake to control hypertension.

7. - Milk is excellent source of calcium and phosphorus.Advantages: - Important food for children and infants.Disadvantages: - expensive.

8. - Reduces caries incidence in both permanent and deciduous dentitions.

9.  Teeth and skeleton have the highest concentrations of fluoride. --Due to the affinity of fluoride to calcium.  Fluoride content of teeth increases rapidly during early mineralization periods and continues to increase with age,but at as lower rate. 9

10.  Fluoride helps to prevent cavities. 10

11.  Cavities are holes (or structural damage) in the teeth. Cause  CommonlyTooth decay 11

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13. Two different ways:  Fluoride concentrates in the growing bones and developing teeth of children, helping to harden the enamel on baby and adult teeth before they emerge.  Fluoride helps to harden the enamel on adult teeth that have already emerged. 13

14.  Topically (On the surface).  Systematically (Throughout the body). 14

15.  Toothpaste.  Mouthrinses.  Professionally applied gels, foams, rinses.  Our own saliva. 15

16.  Toothpaste :- Brushing.  Mouth Rinses :- Gargling.  Foams :- Professionally used & are put into a mouth guard.  Gels :- Can be painted on or applied via a mouth guard. 16

17.  Important component of toothpaste  Protects the tooth by making the enamel harder.  Toothpastes are classified as drugs, not cosmetics.  Level of fluoride must be carefully controlled and measured accurately.  Introduced around the world in the mid 1950s. 17

18. Helps to Prevent.  Cavities by strengthening the surface of the teeth (the enamel).  Reducing the ability of bacteria contained in dental plaque to produce acid.  Re-mineralizing existing dental cavities. 18 Fluoride can actually heal small cavities in some cases, and prevent the need for dental fillings.

19.  Water and other beverages.  Foods  Drops  Tablets  Etc. 19

20.  Strengthening of developing teeth from infancy to adolescence.  Strengthens teeth by the formation of harder enamel by converting HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS to FLUORAPATITE. 20

21.  Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel caused by excessive exposure to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development.  Due to Inappropriate use of fluoride- containing dental products. 21

22.  Mild Dental Flourosis (common).  Sever Dental Flourosis. 22

23.  Unnoticeable, tiny white streaks or specks in the enamel of the tooth. 23

24. 24 A mild case of dental fluorosis (the white streaks on the subject's upper right central incisor) observed in dental practice Specks / Streaks

25.  Tooth appearance is marred by discoloration or brown markings.  Pitted Enamel, Rough and Hard to Clean. 25 The spots and stains left by fluorosis are permanent and may darken over time.

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28.  Addition of Flouride to Public water Supply.  Community water fluoridation is safe and effective in preventing dental caries in both children and adults.  Water fluoridation benefits all residents served by community water supplies regardless of their social or economic status. 28 Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of drinking water.

29.  Bottled water may not have a sufficient amount of fluoride, which is important for preventing tooth decay and promoting oral health. 29

30.  Fluoride prevents demineralization.  Fluoride enhances remineralization.  Fluoride alters the action of plaque bacteria.  Fluoride aids in posteruptive maturation of enamel.  Fluoride reduces enamel solubility. 30

31.  formation of a fluoride reservoir.  creation of supersaturated solutions. 31

32. 1-Prevent decay on intact dental surfaces. 2- Arrest active decay. 3- Remineralize decalcified tooth surfaces.

33. -Fluoride in water. -Fluoride in food. - Sea food (salmon contain 20 ppm of fluoride). - Rock salt (40-200 ppm). - Tea (100-400 ppm) - Leafy plants. - Fluoride drinks. - Fluoride in pharmaceutical products.

35. 1- Appearance of teeth. 2- Reduce of dental caries. 3- Reduce root caries. 4-Reduce interproximal and coronal caries. 5- Economy

36.  Dental caries is a progressive disease characterised by demineralization (dissolution) and destruction of enamel and dentine.  Fluoride can reduce caries by preventing demineralization and promoting remineralization of tooth surfaces and can also inhibit plaque acid production. 36

37. DR:TAGWA MIERHGANI