Medical Terminology Essentials – Chapter 8 Spinal Cord Brain Nerves The Nervous System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Name the parts of the nervous system Discuss the function of each part Define combining forms relate to the nervous system Name the common diagnostic procedures, and tests. Define the major signs, symptoms and diseases. Explain the meaning of common drug categories

Structure of the Nervous System The structures that made up the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves The nervous system is divided into 2 parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord

Structure of the Nervous System The peripheral nervous system is made up of peripheral and cranial nerves The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be further subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Central Nervous System Consists of the brain and spinal cord Parts of the brain: Cerebrum – largest part of the brain divided into large sections called lobes the lobes are named for the bone of the cranium that lies next to it the lobes are: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

Parts of the Brain Cerebellum – lies inferior and posterior to the cerebrum monitors muscle tone and body position Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

Parts of the Brain Brainstem - Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata midbrain – keeps the mind conscious pons – acts as a relay station for nerve impulses from the body to the cerebellum and cerebrum and back to the body medulla oblongata – contains the respiratory center pons and medulla oblongata control the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate

Peripheral Nervous System Cranial and Spinal Nerves There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These nerves go from the brain out to the body and back to the brain. Cranial nerves are identified by both names and Roman numerals There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. These nerves go from the spinal cord to the body and back to the spinal cord

Cells of the Nervous System Nerve cells are called neurons They transmit nerve impulses from the body to the brain and back to the body. Neuroglia are nerve cells that support the nervous system.

Function of the Nervous System Regulates all activities of the body Controls consciousness Detects environmental stimuli Responds to environmental stimuli Processes and stores sensory and motor information Transmits sensory and motor impulses between the brain & all parts of the body

Combining Forms and Abbreviations (cerebell) Meaning arachn (o) cephal (o) cerebell (o) cerebr (o) crani (o) dur (o) spider head cerebellum cerebrum cranium cranium Dura mater

Combining Forms & Abbreviations (myel) Meaning electr (o) encephal (o) gli (o) Hemat (o) Hydr (o) mening (o) electricity brain nerve cell blood water - fluid meninges

Combining Forms & Abbreviations (myel) Meaning myel (o) neur (o) olig (o) quadr (o) ventricul (o) spinal cord nerve Few, diminished four ventricle

Signs, Symptoms & Diseases Pathological Terms Word or Phrase Description aphasia loss of ability to communicate verbally or in writing. dysphasia difficulty speaking or understanding words Cephalalgia pain in the head; headache cerebrovascular accident CVA; stroke transient ischemic attack (TIA) a temporary lack of oxygenated blood to an area of the brain.

Signs, Symptoms & Diseases Word or Phrase Description dyslexia learning disability that causes difficulty reading and writing words. epilepsy Chronic recurrent seizure activity hemiparesis muscle weakness on one side of the body hemiplegia paralysis on one side of the body dementia disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die concussion traumatic injury to the brain

Signs, Symptoms & Diseases Congenital Disorders Word or Phrase Description meningitis inflammation of the brain or spinal cord by a bacterial or viral infection syncope fainting Bell’s palsy Paralysis on one side of the face, usually temporary carpal tunnel syndrome Injury to the medial nerve -> pain & numbness multiple sclerosis Degenerative disease of the covering of the nerves neuralgia pain along the path of a nerve

Medical & Surgical Terms Word or Phrase Description lumbar puncture Withdrawal of CSF from the spinal column for examination biopsy Excision of tissue for microscopic examination carotid endarterectomy Removal of the diseased arterial lining of the carotid artery craniotomy Incision into the skull diskectomy Removal of a vertebral disk

Drug Categories Word or Phrase Description analgesic drugs Pain relieving or reducing - acetominophen anticonvulsant Drugs to treat epilepsy – Dilantin Anticholinergic Blocks certain nerve impulses - Atropine Anti-parkinson Controls the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease – levodopa

Now on to: The Sensory System 19