1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 8
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions of the central nervous system:
Communication and coordination system in the body
Receives messages from stimuli
Brain interprets message
Brain responds and carries out activity
Reasoning and intelligence
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3. INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous tissue consists of two types of nerve cells:
Neuroglia - cells that insulate, support and protect neurons
Neurons - pass nerve impulses
Sensory neurons (afferent)
Motor neurons (efferent)
Associative neurons (interneurons)
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4. INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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5. INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Membrane excitability is the electric charge created by impulses in the nerve
Synapse - messages go from one cell to the next
Synaptic cleft - space between axon or one cell and dendrite of another
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6. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
There are 3 divisions of the nervous system:
Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system - nerves of the body
Autonomic nervous system - peripheral nerves and ganglia
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THE BRAIN
Memory
Short term
Long term
Coverings of the brain
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
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THE BRAIN
The brain contains four lined cavities called cerebral ventricles
Right lateral ventricle
Left lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral fluid serves as liquid shock absorber
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THE BRAIN
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CEREBRUM
The cerebrum is divided into 2 hemispheres; each hemisphere is divided into:
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
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CEREBRUM
The cerebral surface is covered with furrows and ridges
Sulci - Shallow grooves
Fissures - deeper grooves
Longitudinal fissure
Transverse fissure
Central fissure
Lateral fissure
Parieto-occipital fissure
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CEREBRUM
Each lobe of the cerebral hemispheres control different functions
Frontal lobe - motor functions
Parietal lobe - sensory
Occipital lobe - eyesight
Temporal lobe - auditory and olfactory senses
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CEREBRUM
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DIENCEPHALON
Thalamus
Located between the cerebrum and midbrain
Acts as a relay station for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses
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DIENCEPHALON
Hypothalamus
Autonomic nervous control
Cardiovascular control
Temperature control
Appetite control
Water balance
Manufacture of oxytocin
Gastrointestinal control
Emotional state
Sleep control
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CEREBELLUM
Consists of two hemispheres
Right cerebellar hemisphere
Left cerebellar hemisphere
Controls all skeletal muscle body functions:
Maintenance of balance
Maintenance of muscle tone
Coordination of muscle movement
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BRAIN STEM
Brain stem is made of 3 parts:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
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SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord functions as both a reflex center and a conduction pathway to and from the brain
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19. DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Epilepsy
Cerebral palsy
Poliomyelitis
Parkinson’s disease
Hydrocephalus
Multiple sclerosis
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Brain tumors
Hematoma
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20. ©2004 Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Activity
With a partner look up each of the listed Central Nervous system disorders and write symptoms of them. Add this to your notes
Individually
Draw and label a brain (draw to scale) (color the different lobes and parts) turn this in
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21. THE PERIPHERAL AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 9
THE PERIPHERAL AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

22. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Includes all of the nerves of the body and ganglia
Connects the central nervous system to various body structures
Controls the involuntary (automatic) activities of vital internal organs
Acts as a reflex center of body
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23. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
NERVES
Sensory (afferent) nerve - fibers carry impulses from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord
Motor (efferent) nerve - fibers carry impulses from brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
Mixed nerve - contains both sensory and motor fibers
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24. CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES
The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that begin in various areas of the brain
The spinal nerves originate at the spinal cord and go through openings in the vertebrae
All 31 pairs of spinal nerves are mixed nerves
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25. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Includes nerves, ganglia, and plexuses that carry impulses to all smooth muscle, secretory glands, and heart muscle
Regulates the activities of the visceral organs
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26. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
There are two divisions:
Sympathetic system - consists of two cords of nerve fibers and ganglia extending from base of brain down through spinal column
Parasympathetic system
Vagus nerve - chest and neck
Pelvic nerve - hip region
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27. DISORDERS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuritis
Sciatica
Neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia
Bell’s palsy
Shingles (herpes zoster)
Carpal tunnel syndrome
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28. ©2004 Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Activity
With a partner look up the listed disorders of the peripheral nervous system write the symptoms of each add this to your notes.
Individually draw a nerve bundle fiber and label it add this to your notes
©2004 Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.