1. Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.3
Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

2. Intro to CNS What are the parts of the CNS?
Brain
Spinal Cord
What parts of the brain can you identify?
Random Facts
Adult human brain weights between 2 ¼ and 3 ¼ lbs.
Contains approx 100 billion neurons

3. The Brain cerebrum diencephalon brain stem cerebellum meninges
blood-brain barrier

4. Cerebrum L and R cerebral hemispheres
Makes up the largest portion of the brain

5. Cerebrum cerebral cortex – outer surface of cerebrum
Gyrus – curved raised areas
Sulcus – grooves between the gyrus
Fissure – deep grooves in the brain
Lobes – divided into 4 regions by the sulci
Frontal – most anterior – separated by central sulcus
Parietal – posterior to frontal lobes – contains primary somatic sensory cortex
Occipital – posterior to parietal lobes – responsible for vision
Temporal – most inferior lobes – involved in speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion

6. Cerebrum

7. Cerebrum

8. Cerebrum primary motor cortex primary somatic sensory cortex
In front of central sulcus (frontal lobe)
Sends neural impulses to skeletal muscles to initiate and control the development of muscle tension and movement of body parts
primary somatic sensory cortex
Behind central sulcus (parietal lobe)
Interprets sensory impulses received from the skin, internal organs, muscles, and joints

9. Diencephalon Also known as the interbrain
Located deep inside the brain enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
It includes
Thalamus – relay station for communicating both sensory and motor information between body and cerebral cortex – regulates sleep, wakefulness, and high alert consciousness
Hypothalamus – size of a pearl, regulates heart rate, blood pressure, thirst, hunger, energy, body temp, sex, pain, pleasure
Epithalamus – includes pineal gland and regulates sleep-cycle hormones

10. Diencephalon

11. Brain Stem Approx size of thumb Includes 3 structures
Midbrain – superior end of brain stem, relaty station for sensory and motor impulses, vision, hearing, motor activity, sleep and wake cycles, temp regulation
Pons – located below midbrain – regulates breathing
medulla oblongata – below pons – regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, and vomitting
Those with severe brain injuries can continue to live as long as the brain stem remains functional and they stay hydrated and receive nutrition

12. Cerebrum

13. Cerebellum
Looks like Cerebrum with its outer cortex, convolutions, and dual hemispheres
Coordinates body movements including balance

14. Meninges Protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Three kinds
Dura mater – means hard mother – outer membrane – tough double layered membrane that lies beneath the skull
Arachnoid mater – middle membrane – weblike tissue
Pia mater – means gentle mother - innermost layer – attaches directly to surface of brain and spinal cord

15. The Brain

16. Spinal Cord

17. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain.

18. Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.4
Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System

19. Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
nerve structure
cranial nerves
spinal nerves and nerve plexuses
autonomic nervous system

20. Nerve Structure endoneurium perineurium epineurium covers axons
bundles fascicles
epineurium
wraps nerves

21. 12 Cranial Nerves

22. Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
31 pairs – branch out from L and R side of spinal cord
dorsal root
ventral root
dorsal ramus
ventral ramus
Plexuses – nerves of neck, arms, legs

23. Autonomic Nervous System
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons – two nerves that connect the CNS to the organs
sympathetic nerves
Activate fight-or-flight response
Releasing adrenaline
parasympathetic nerves
Controls day in and day out functions resp and dig system
resting or digesting system

24. Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.5
Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System

25. Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord
traumatic brain injury
cerebral palsy
spinal cord injury

26. Traumatic Brain Injury
violent impact to head
mild
moderate
severe

27. Cerebral Palsy damage to brain motor function impairment before birth
during birth
during infancy
motor function impairment

28. Spinal Cord Injuries C1–C3: usually fatal C1–C4: quadriplegia
C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities
T1–L5: paraplegia
Corepics/Shutterstock.com

29. Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS
meningitis
multiple sclerosis
epilepsy
Parkinson’s disease
dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

30. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth