Steps towards the abolition of Slavery The Emancipation Proclamation: January, 1 1863. This document declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.“ This was a purely symbolic act, but it was an indicator of what would happen after the war was over. The 13th Amendment: (1865) Outlawed all slavery and involuntary servitude. The 14th Amendment: (1868) Made former slaves citizens of the United States. The 15th Amendment: (1870) Guaranteed the right of all citizens to vote regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude.

Segregation After the Civil War Post Civil War Black Codes: (1865) Laws that restricted the rights of former slaves (freedmen) after the war in order for whites to retain power: Compelled freedmen to work. If unemployed they could be arrested. Dictated hours, duties and behavior. Restricted blacks from entering certain towns. Could not carry weapons. Jim Crow Laws: (1876-1965) Mandated “separate but equal” status for African Americans. Plessy v. Ferguson: (1896) Decision by the supreme court which ruled the "separate but equal" provision of public accommodations by state governments is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.

1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Brown v. Board of Ed. 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that “separate, but equal” for blacks was unconstitutional.

Brown v Board of Education

Thurgood Marshall Black lawyer who argued and won the Brown v. Board of Ed case; 1st Black supreme court justice.

Martin Luther King Jr. Most prominent civil rights leader of the 1950’s through 1960’s, Founder of the SCLC; helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

SCLC An organization formed in 1957, by MLK Jr. to work for civil rights non-violently.

SIT-INS A form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest discrimination non-violently.

MALCOLM X Charismatic member of the Nation of Islam, who advocated self-defense, Black pride and separation of the races.

BLACK PANTHERS Organization formed in Oakland that spoke out against police brutality and promoted self-defense.

Ku KLUX KLAN White supremacist group which terrorized and murdered African Americans and Civil Rights workers.

EMMETT TILL Fourteen year old boy whose brutal murder shocked a nation and showed the brutality of racists.

Leader of the SNCC; created the “Black Power”movement. Stokely Carmichael Leader of the SNCC; created the “Black Power”movement.

James Meredith First African American to attend the University of Mississippi; riots resulted from his entrance.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 A law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public.

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 Law which outlawed discriminatory voting practices such as literacy tests & any other pre-qualifications to vote which disproportionately affected African Americans

De Jure Segregation Segregation by law.

Segregation by custom, or choice. De facto Segregation Segregation by custom, or choice.

Affirmative Action A policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring disadvantaged groups.