1. Civil Rights 1960s

2. Beginning of Civil Rights
13th Amendment
Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude
14th Amendment
Become United States citizen and gain basic equal rights
15th Amendment
Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote

3. What Stopped Civil Rights?
Racism
Deeply rooted belief involving the idea that one’s own race is superior and has the right to rule others
Segregation
To require, often with force, the separation of racial and/or religious groups

4. Segregation De Facto Segregation De Jure Segregation
Exists by practice, customs, and traditions
De Jure Segregation
Exists by law

5. Separate but Equal Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Jim Crow Laws
Supreme Court ruled it did not violate the 14th amendment
Jim Crow Laws
Developed mostly in the south aimed at separating the races at schools, elevators, public restrooms, waiting rooms, etc.

6. What did this create?
Prejudice: a pre-determined attitude or opinion about a person or group based upon that person or group’s race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, accent, gender, disability, or other external characteristic
Hate groups start to form such as the Ku Klux Klan
Lynching, which is violence based on racism becomes more prevalent

7. What to do?
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Strategically decided to challenge segregated public education
Thurgood Marshall
Worked for NAACP to overturn older court rulings
Brown vs. Board of Education
Desegregated public schools

8. Reaction to Brown Decision
Within a year more than 500 school districts desegregated their schools
Some states did not take it so well
“The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court” –Governor Talmadge
In some cases the Ku Klux Klan was brought in to challenge the desegregation

9. Little Rock 9
A plan to desegregate Little Rock Central High School by 9 volunteers
Arkansas Governor sent the National Guard to turn them away, but was overruled by a federal judge
The first day was so chaotic, President Eisenhower had to send military personnel to keep order

10. Little Rock 9 Military could not stop what occurred during school
The 9 students were harassed by other students on a regular basis

11. Civil Rights Leaders

12. Rosa Parks
First famous for beginning the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which lasted 381 days
Officer of the NAACP
“March on Washington

13. Martin Luther King’s “soul force”
Nonviolent resistance
“We will not hate you, but we cannot obey your unjust laws” - MLK
Took ideas from Jesus, Henry Thorea, and Gandhi

14. Civil Disobedience
Practiced by MLK and his organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
It is the act of deliberately disobeying the rules as a means to create conflict or end segregation
Nonviolence was necessary

15. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Criticized MLK for not being controversial enough
Sit-ins
Activist would sit-in at a segregated establishment as a form of protest
Resulted in beatings, and pouring food over students
Boycotts

16. Freedom Riders
A group of activist set out to challenge the Supreme Court decision banning segregation on bus routes and in bus terminals
The riders were met with extreme violence
This reported news led the Kennedy administration to enforce the law

17. Malcolm X Formerly Malcolm Little
Changed his name, dropping what he called his slave name
Became Islamic Minister

18. Malcolm X’s Ideology Opposite philosophy of MLK
Felt African Americans should fight back
Believed African Americans should separate from white society and fight for their freedom- Black Power

19. Stokely Carmichael Created the popular usage of ‘Black Power’
SNCC became more militant under his leadership
He advocated for black people to define their own goals, and lead their own organizations.

20. The Black Panthers Preached the motto of ‘Black Power’
Organized to fight police brutality in the ghettos of Oakland, California
Felt African Americans should be held from military service

21. Accomplishments of Civil Rights Movments
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Enlarged federal power
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned discrimination in employment
Speed up school desegregation
Banned discrimination in public accommodations

22. Accomplishments continued
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Eliminated voter literacy test
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Prohibited discrimination in the sale/renting of housing
Strengthened antilynching laws