Bell Ringer “I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other – my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against my conscience is neither right, nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do other.” - Martin Luther, at the Diet of Worms What message do you think Martin Luther is trying to get across in this statement? How does this statement coincide with some of his beliefs?

The Reformation in the Germanic States The Peace of Augsburg (1555) Ended the struggle between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the German princes who supported Martin Luther Made the Protestant division of Christianity legal and permanent within the Holy Roman Empire Many Germans begin to convert to the Protestant faith Helps end the authority of the Pope in the German kingdoms The Hapsburgs, the ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire, continue to support the Catholic Church The power of the Holy Roman Empire begins to weaken The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) War between the Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire Spread to the rest of Europe and became known as one of the most destructive wars that Europe has seen Ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Reformation in England The Forming of the Anglican Church King Henry VIII, King of England Wanted to annul the marriage to his first wife Catherine of Aragon for not giving birth to a male heir Annul means to set aside Catherine of Aragon was not only the wife of King Henry VIII, but the mother of Queen Mary of England, as well as an aunt to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V The Catholic Church would not allow this annulment The Act of Supremacy King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope Establishes the Anglican Church This official measure made the king, instead of the Pope, the head of the Anglican Church As head of the Anglican Church, King Henry VIII took over church property The Anglican church becomes the national church of the British Isles

The Reformation in England (cont’d) King Henry had his marriage to Catherin of Aragon annulled and marries Anne Boleyn Anne mothered Queen Elizabeth I Anne was beheaded after being unable to produce a male heir Marriage to Jane Seymour Gave birth to King Edward VI, but died shortly after King Henry VIII abused his position as head of the Anglican Church Had six wives total - two of whom were beheaded After King Henry’s death, all three of his children became King or Queen of England at one point in time… (in this order) King Edward VI, son of Jane Seymour Queen Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon Queen Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boleyn Ruled England in 1558, during the height of the Northern Renaissance, also known as the Elizabethan Age

The Reformation in France Many Protestant sects developed in France, including the Huguenots, followers of John Calvin St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) Assassination of Huguenot leaders by Catholics Concern for Hapsburg’s power over the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the Thirty Years War Edict of Nantes (1598) Catholic monarchy of France grants Huguenots the freedom of religion Later revoked – “one king, one law, one faith”