Chapter 16 Recap/Lecture Persuasive Speeches Chapter 16 Recap/Lecture

Your next speech…. Monday, October 31st and Wednesday, November 2nd Tuesday, November 1st and Thursday, November 3rd Speech sign ups week before Research required: at least 4 sources (with citations) Areas of Focus: EVERYTHING Materials: Outline & note cards Visual aid: PowerPoint (emailed to powerpoints2goldman@gmail.com by 8 a.m. on the day of your presentation; also bring a back up copy) We will discuss use of PowerPoint next week http://faculty.gordonstate.edu/agoldman/Public%20Speaking.htm

Informative vs. Persuasive Knowledge and Understanding vs. Attempting to change or convince Similarities: clear and concise, organized, strong delivery, ethical, credible, appropriate use of language

Importance/Role of Persuasion Persuasive speech: ‘attempting to create, reinforce, or change your audience’s beliefs or actions’ (p. 300) Understanding persuasion—important for speakers and listeners Speaker as advocate

Ethical Persuasion Ethical goals and methods Avoid subtle and blatant dishonesty Power of language ‘learn about all sides of issue and competing viewpoints’ (p. 301)

Persuasion as Psychological Process 2 or more viewpoints; competing or different angle/degree Degrees of Persuasion Strongly opposed -------------- Strongly in favor Audience analysis/centeredness  knowledge AND attitude Mental dialogue (give and take) with audience Set realistic goals Will everyone change their beliefs/opinions after hearing one speech?

Target Audiences; Audience Centeredness Advertising = big example of persuasion and targeting audiences Check out these ads; what’s the persuasive message & who is the target audience?

Types of Persuasive Speeches Persuasive speeches on Questions of Fact Questions of Value Questions of Policy

Addressing Questions of Fact True answer exists; may not have enough information yet Inconclusive info Speculations and Predictions Choose side -- present those facts, persuasively Popular org. pattern – Topical Main points = reasons to agree

Addressing Questions of Value Includes facts; Demands value judgments Right or wrong? Good or bad? Moral or immoral? Fair or unfair? Pick a side; justify your claim Standards for the value judgment? Popular org. pattern – Topical Establish the standards  apply the standards

Addressing Questions of Policy Course of action – should or shouldn’t be taken Can include questions of fact and/or value; step further by deciding what should be done Passive agreement vs. Immediate action Convincing that something should be done vs. Convincing someone to do what should be done (specific call to action) Must identify need, plan, and practicality

Addressing Questions of Policy Popular org. patterns Problem-Solution Order Need/seriousness of problem  plan for solving the problem/practicality Problem-Cause-Solution Order Identify the problem  analyze cause of problem  solution to problem Comparative Advantages Order Each main point = why your solution is better than others Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (MMS) Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

Methods of persuasion Chapter 17 Recap

Aristotle’s three appeals ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS

Ethos: Credibility Credibility – is this speaker qualified to talk about this topic? Competence (the speaker is intelligent and knowledgeable of the topic) Character (the speaker is sincere, trustworthy, and has a concern for our well-being) Types of credibility Initial Derived Terminal Enhancing credibility Explain your competence Create a common ground; connect with audience Strong delivery

LOGOS: Logical appeal Use evidence Make sure it is specific, new, clear and credible Reasoning (drawing conclusions from the evidence) Reasoning from specific instances (specific  general) Reasoning from principle (general  specific) Causal Reasoning (cause and effect relationship) Analogical Reasoning (comparing 2 similar cases) Avoid error in reasoning (fallacies) Hasty generalizations, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jgtISu0WWw

PATHOS: emotional appeal Want audience to feel specific emotion (e.g. fear, compassion, pride, guilt) How do speakers accomplish this? Language Choice Vivid Examples Sincerity Ethics + Emotions = ? Usually considered inappropriate/unethical when discussing question of fact Ethical if: Appropriate for speech topic Not used as a substitute for evidence and reasoning Combined with reason

Speech Workshop #13 Topic Plan and Audience Analysis

Speech Workshop #14 Due Wednesday, 10/19 for MW class (and Thursday, 10/20 for TR class) Find an example of a (short) EFFECTIVE or INEFFECTIVE persuasive speech Bring in a typed 1 page, double-spaced document with the following Link to speech Explanation of why it was effective or ineffective You must comment on the speaker’s persuasive technique, organization, and delivery Should be at least half a page Type your name in the top left corner and then start the content. Use size 12, Times New Roman, 1 inch margins. Be prepared to pull up the link in class and discuss