Molecular Genetics Transcription & Translation

Genetics Terminology ________ - Complete complement of an organism’s DNA. Cellular DNA is organized in _____________. ______ have specific places on chromosomes. Q: What does the term expressed have to do with today’s lecture? Genome Chromosomes Genes Exons

Nucleic Acids: DNA Structure

Nucleic Acids – RNA Structure RNA is typically a single-stranded molecule. Purine Bases (double ring) Adenine & Guanine Pyrimidine Bases (single ring) Cytosine & _______ Uracil

Nucleic Acid Structure Uracil

Nucleic Acid Function Transcription

Replication & Transcription MAKING DNA = ______________ Making a copy of the genetic material. Think “duplication.” MAKING RNA= ___________ Transferring the genetic code information (DNA) into RNA. Think of a medical transcriptionist copying the physicians words into another format. Replication Transcription

Transcription Process by which a DNA sequence is copied to produce a complementary RNA. In other words, it is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA. Like replication, but making RNA. Beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code (via mRNA) into a protein.

Types of RNA Genetic information copied from DNA is transferred to 3 types of RNA: __________ RNA: mRNA Copy of information in DNA that is brought to the ribosome and translated into protein by tRNA & rRNA. __________ RNA: rRNA Most of the RNA in cells is associated with structures known as ribosomes, the protein factories of the cells. It is the site of translation where genetic information brought by mRNA is translated into actual proteins. ___________ RNA: tRNA Brings the amino acid to the ribosome that mRNA coded for. Messenger Ribosomal Transfer

Nucleic Acid Function Translation

Replication, Transcription, Translation MAKING DNA Making a copy of the genetic material = Replication When you think “replication” think “duplication” Where does replication occur in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? MAKING RNA Transferring genetic code (DNA) to RNA = Transcription Think of a medical transcriptionist copying the physicians words into another format. Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? MAKING PROTEINS Making proteins = ______________. Think of how translation relates to languages. The translation of biology translates DNA information into proteins. Translation

Translation & The ________ _______ _____________ (which contain rRNA) make proteins from the messages encoded in mRNA. The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are ‘written’ in the DNA as a series of 3-nucleotide ‘words.’ ______ on mRNA ___________ on tRNA ‘U’ (uracil) replaces ‘T’ in RNA This is the genetic code. Q: Where does translation occur in prokaryotes? Q: Eukaryotes? Anti-codon Codon Click here for animation of ribosome building a protein. Genetic Code Ribosomes Codon Anti-codon

Overview Eukaryotic Cell ______________ Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA (mRNA). Actual synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) under the direction of mRNA. Transcription Translation

Overview Messenger Ribosomal Transfer

Overview

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