AIM: Where did the Ottomans come from? DO NOW: Why do people migrate?

Turkish Origins Nomadic equestrian people of Central Asia (not Arabs) Neighbors of the Mongols Chinese records date them back to 200 BCE Writing in a Turkic language dated around 730 CE Great Seljuks: start with Turkish migrations after the 6th c. CE Embraced Sunni Islam around 10th c. CE Note* Seljuks followed gazis (turkish horsemen) into Anatolia

Conquering Anatolia Battle of Manzikert 1071 Seljuks in west had won control of most of Anatolia *IRONY = Seljuk sultanate in east were losing control of Baghdad Carved out states in Anatolia  Society & economy of the Anatolian countryside was unchanged, simply replaced Byzantine officials with a new elite that was Turkish and Muslim. **Nothing was forced BUT immersion was facilitated by intermarriage. Alp Arslan: "What would you do if I was brought before you as a prisoner?” Romanos: "Perhaps I'd kill you, or exhibit you in the streets of Constantinople.” Alp Arslan: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free.” Alp Arslan's victories changed the balance in near Asia completely in favour of the Seljuq Turks and Sunni Muslims. While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly four more centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia. Most historians, including Edward Gibbon, date the defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The Crusades Chain Reaction… Success of the Seljuk Turks stimulated a response from Latin Europe in the form of the First Crusade. Western Europeans (w. assistance from Byzantines & Kievan Rus) vs. Seljuk Turks (plus few other tribes) While all this was taking place in Asia Minor, Europe was threatened again by hordes pouring in from the interior of Central Asia = the Mongols (SIDENOTE: Europe would have been in big trouble if the Bulgars did not hold up the Mongols) The death of Genghis Khan led to the disintegration of the Mongol empire. Mongolian horde in western khanate vanishes into the Turkish Mamelukes So few, that their arrival went unnoticed as they entered into Anatolia Head of Mamelukes was valiant warrior called Ertughrul, gained land from Sultan of Seljuks  At their head was valiant warrior called Ertughrul (or Tughril, 1231-1280). He was accompanied by his son Osman (or Othman, 1280-1324). His armies were only a tiny twig from the giant tree of the Turkish people. There were hardly more than two thousand of them living in four hundred tents. But these two thousand men were possessed of such drive that in a few generations they were to found one of the world's greatest empires. Father and army were riding into west when he noticed a prinicpalty was under attack by the Mongols – he decided to intervene and they ultimately helped keep the Seljuks in power. As a reward, he was given a strip of land by the battlefield by the Sultan

Osman I (1281-1324) Founded a small empire, which he called "Memalik Osmanya” worked to expand state’s power Attracted other nomadic gazis, who were influenced by the prospects of economic gains of conquest. At same time, Seljuk power was declining = they eventually absorb into Osman’s growing state. By the end of Osman’s reign and that of his son, Orhan, nearly all of Anatolia was under Ottoman control.

AIM: Did the Ottomans “need” Constantinople? DO NOW: Using the two student samples from last class, how can we interpret Osman’s dream?

Setting the Stage

Ottoman Janissaries non-Muslim boys received by the sultan’s government and trained as military troops devshirme – a kind of tax levied mostly on the Christian subjects of the empire who lived in the Balkans in Eastern Europe. The janissaries were the only soldiers given gunpowder weapons. Troops raised by the Ottomans from Christian families in the Balkans, used as special shock troops and as palace guard, became most powerful force in the Ottoman Empire So powerful as a group that they were massacred under the orders of Mahmud II in 1826. They were slaves, but well paid for their services, well educated by the government, and given everything they had by the sultan from their earliest years. They were thus loyal only to the sultan, and so could defend him in the event that the aristocracy revolted.

The Siege of Constantinople

The Siege of Constantinople May 29, 1453 = Ottoman forces surround Constantinople Led by Mehmet II Knock down wall & Ottomans triumph Renamed Istanbul  made capital of Ottoman Empire Hagia Sophia was converted into the Blue Mosque Istanbul emerged as a great center of Muslim culture Siege lasts 54 days (just shy of two months)

FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE GAME

Historical Thinking Refresh Contextualization Point of View Reliability Turning Point

EXIT - 1453 Discussion Question: Did the Ottomans “need Constantinople? Now that they have it, does the world change? http://www.history.com/shows/manki nd-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/fall- of-constantinople