History of Health Care

4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods witch doctors-drove out evil spirits Herbs and plants used as medicines Used trephining (treat insanity, headache) Average life span was 20 years

*Primitive times 4000 B.C.-3000 B.C. Questions for discussion: If you had a stomach ache and chills during primitive times, would you tell someone? Why or Why not? What do you think were the complications of trepanation?

3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians Physicians were priests Bloodletting or leeches used First to record health records Average life span was 20-30 years

Question for Discussion: *Egyptians 3000 B.C. – 300 B.C Question for Discussion: Why do you think the Egyptians used leeches, and what do you suspect was the result?

1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese Believed in the need to treat the whole body by treating mind, body, and spirit. Medications based mainly on the use of herbs Used acupuncture Began to search for medical reasons for illness Average life span was 20-30 years

1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – “founders of modern medical sciences”. Believed illness is a result of natural causes First to require licensing of physicians Used therapies such as massage and herbal treatment Average life span was 25-35 years

753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans Created first hospitals to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers. First public health by building sewers and aquaducts Built sanitation systems to prevent disease Life span was 25-35 years

AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages Emphasis on saving the soul--study of medicine was prohibited Prayer was used to treat illness & disease Monks and priests provided custodial care for ill people Medications were mainly herbal mixtures Average life span was 20-30 years

AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia Major diseases included smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria Average life span was 20-35 years

AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance Known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine” Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology Invention of printing press First anatomy book Average life span was 30-40 years

16th and 17th Centuries Leading cause of death from infections Invention of the microscope and discovery that disease was caused by microorganisms. Apothecaries (early pharmicists) made, prescribed, and sold medications Average life span 35-45 years

*The 16th and 17th century Learned to bind arteries to stop bleeding. Used boiling oil to cauterize wounds.

*The 16th and 17th century Improved splinting of fractures. Artificial limbs were developed.

18th Century Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer scientific surgical procedures Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals Average life span 40-50 years

19th Century Discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations Infection control developed Formal training for nurses began Women became active participants in health care Average life span 40-60 years

20th Century Role of blood in the body ABO blood groups discovered New medications were developed Insulin: treat diabetes Antibiotics: fight infection Vaccines developed New machines developed Kidney Dialysis Machine Heart Lung Machine

20th Century (continued) Organ Transplants Test tube babies Implanted first artificial heart Medicare and Medicaid: to ensure everyone had healthcare. Hospice organized

21st Century The first totally implantable artificial heart The Netherlands first country in the world to legalize euthanasia The Human Genome Project to identify all 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the body Stem cell research

21st Century Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) went into effect Vaccinations for cervical cancer and shingles Average life span 60-80 years

Potential for Beyond Cures for AIDS, cancer, and heart disease Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to prevent paralysis Average life span 90-100 years

Current Trends in Health Care

Cost Containment Cost of health care is rising due to: Technological advances Aging population Health-related lawsuits Cost Containment measures include: Combination of services Outpatient services Mass or bulk purchasing Early intervention and preventive services

Specialized health care facilities include: Home health care Hospice care (terminally ill) Geriatric care (elderly) Telemedicine

Emphasis on promoting wellness of the whole individual: “Holistic Health” Physical wellness Emotional wellness Social wellness Mental and intellectual wellness Spiritual Wellness

Individual Contributions

Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) Greek physician “Father of Medicine” “Hippocratic Oath” Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Invented the microscope lens to see organisms Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Invented bifocals Found that colds could be passed from person to person

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century

Rene Laennec (1781-1826) Invented the stethoscope in 1819 First stethoscope was made of wood

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) First female physician in the United States in 1849

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing” Established efficient and sanitary nursing units Begin the professional education of nurses

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Known as the “Father of Microbiology” His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause disease Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885 Founded the basic rules for sterilization

Joseph Lister (1827-1912) First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

Clara Barton (1821-1912) Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War Formed American Red Cross in 1881

Robert Koch (1843-1910) Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) Discovered X-rays in 1895

Sigmund Freud (1836-1939) Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry

Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993) Discovered polio vaccine

Francis Crick (1916 – 2004) James Watson (1928 - ) Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953

Christian Barnard (1922 – 2001) Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968

Ben Carson (1951 - ) Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins

Robert Jarvik Creator of the first artificial heart December 2, 1982, lived for the next 112 days The second patient lived for 620 days