Nasal dissection and physiology Rhinology Nasal dissection and physiology

dissection 鼻（Nose) External nose Nasal cavity Nasal sinuses

Dissection —external nose Shape of external nose：pyramid Nasal root Nasal apex Nasal bridge Nasal dorsum Alae nasi Basis nasi— anterior nares，columella nasi，nasolabial fold

Dissection —external nose nose stretcher： bone—prefrontal bone nasal bone ascending processes of the maxillae palatine process Pyriform aperture

nose stretcher ： cartilage—lateral nasal cartilage greater alar cartilage

Dissection —external nose The venous drainage of the external nose These veins mainly drain to internal carotid vein via angular vein and facial vein，but angular vein communicate to cavernous sinus via the the ophthalmic veins。 facial vein ---- no valve。 danger triangle of face

Dissection —nasal cavity Nasal vestibule nasal cavity

鼻的应用解剖 —鼻腔 鼻前庭 ：位于鼻腔最前部，由皮肤复盖，富有皮脂腺和汗腺，并长有鼻毛 。 固有鼻腔 ：通称鼻腔，有内、外、顶、底四壁。

Dissection nasal cavity nostril、choanae internal、external、top、bottom

Nasal cavity top: anterior: prefrontal bone nasal bone posterior: anterior wall of sphenoid sinus intermediate: cribriform plate bottom: 1.palatine process of maxilla 2.horizontal process of palate bone

Dissection medial wall of nasal cavity Nasal septum：cartilage of nasal septum, lamina plate of ethmoid bone and vomer。 Nosebleed area：the branches of arteries aggregate in intramembrane of nasal septum ,easy to bleeding ,so named Little area.

Lateral wall of nasal cavity Three turbinates dispose like ladder(superior, middle,inferior turbinate) superior,middle, inferior meatus

Lateral wall of nasal cavity Inferior turbinate and inferior meatus: middle turbinate and middle meatus : Lamella of middle turbinate(devide ethmoid sinus to anterior part and posterior part) The gap between the nasal septum and free margin of turbinate ,named meatus of nose

Lateral nasal passage Frontal sinus drain to anterior superior part of ethmoidal infundibulum via nasofrontal duct , second drainage is anterior part of ethmoid sinus，last open is maxillary sinus. uncinate process，ethmoid bulla，semilunar hiatus ，ethmoidal infundibulum

Dissection Ostiomeatal complex,OMC： middle turbinate and middle meatus ，and other anatomical structure, anatomy basis of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, FESS .

Dissection artery： external carotid artery——Maxillary Artery—— Inferior part of nasal cavity internal carotid artery——ophthalmic artery——anterior ethmoid artery/posterior ethmoid artery——superior part of nasal cavity

Dissection—SINUSES Nasal sinuses anterior sinuses apertures maxillary sinus middle meatus anterior ethmoid sinus middle meatus frontal sinus middle meatus posterior sinuses apertures posterior ethmoid sinus superiormeatus Sphenoid sinus recessus sphenoethmoidalis

DISSECTION maxillary sinus anterior wall—canine fossa posterior side wall—near internal pterygoid muscle superior wall—orbital plate foot wall—alveolar process（odontogenic maxillary sinusitis） medial wall—hard to drain because of high aperture

frontal sinus

ethmoid sinus

sphenoid sinus

Nose –skull homologic anatomy anterior cranial fossa: hanging wall of nasal cavity midpiece，posterior wall of frontal sinus, hanging wall of ethmoid sinus middle cranial fossa： hanging wall/ lateral wall of sphenoid sinus （pituitary gland、cavernous sinus、 internal carotid artery ）

Nose –oral homologic anatomy posterior side wall of maxillary sinus ：internal pterygoid muscle Footwall of maxillary sinus ：second bicuspid and first molar、second molar Foot wall of nasal cavity：pars palatalis

Nasal physiology Nasal cavity physiology respiratory function—laminar flow AND turbulent flow —nasal airway resistance AND nasal cycle Protection function—cleaning and filtration，warming and moisturizing olfactory function resonant function

Nasal physiology Nasal sinuses physiology resonant function ，lighten weight and keep head balance