Interact: Ch 19 Outline Chapter 19, pgs 404-430 Early Latin America Chapter 19, pgs 404-430

Interact: Ch 19 Outline Question Iberian = Encomienda =

Spain & Portugal: Conquest Iberia shaped by frontier experience Iberian Society & Tradition Society dominated by urban elites & rural masses w/ gov influenced by lawyer bureaucracy & catholic church many Iberian traditions adapted in Americas

Chronology of Conquest 1. 1492 to 1570: 2. 1570 to 1700: 3. 1700 to 1800:

Caribbean Crucible Caribbean proved to be a testing ground Labor systems Administrative institutions ↳Sets stage for colonial system in Mexico, Peru, & Brazil

Paths of Conquest After Caribbean, two pronged conquest: Mexico Peru ↳ Conquest then branched out, facing stiff resistance

The Conquerors Conquest forged by initiative of humble men Motivated by greed & conversion Created new nobility Success from Spanish technology & American divisions

Destruction & Transformation Conquest & Morality Brutality → debate about nature of natives Bartolome de Las Casas Destruction & Transformation Disease decimated native societies

Exploitation of the Indians Excessive use of native institutions → destruction 1st Encomiendas (colonists) 2nd Mita (gov’t)

Colonial Econ & Gov 2nd step: Colonization Formal institutions & civilized society established Settlement of women, missionaries, administrators, artisans

Silver Heart of an Empire Massive silver mines heart of colonial econ Labor system evolved with colonial development Supported gov’t & all other industries Haciendas & Villages Ag still most common economic activity Large aristocratic estates for export

Industry & Commerce Spanish America became self-sufficient Local industry Silver dominated royal commercial interest Heavily regulated; fleet system developed Wealth squandered

Ruling an Empire: State 1 of 2 Ruling an Empire: State King Council of Indies Viceroy of New Spain Viceroy of Peru Provincial court administrators Local Bureaucrats

Ruling an Empire: Church 2 of 2 Ruling an Empire: Church Trained lawyer bureaucracy dominated legal, legislative, military functions of gov’t But… Church dominated social service functions of gov’t Especially in frontier areas Education

Brazil: First Plantation Colony

Sugar & Slavery Dominated by plantations & labor-intensive sugar Social hierarchy reflected plantation slavery Whites Mixed Slaves Administration mirrored Spanish America More dependent

Brazil’s Age of Gold Increased Caribbean competition hurts Brazil Discovery of gold = mixed blessing

Multiracial Societies Sociedad de Castas Society of races Europeans: Peninsulares, Creoles Castas: Mestizos, Mulattos Africans & Indians

18th Century Reforms Shifting Balance 3rd step: Reform Enlightenment ideas & Iberian decline force change Shifting Balance Spain weakened by debt & war began losing American monopoly Caribbean mirrored Brazil under Dutch & English

Bourbon Reforms (Spanish America) Reforms centered on restoring royal control & economic efficiency Politically disrupted Creoles’ patterns of influence Economically developed new areas

Pombal Reforms (Brazil) Reforms in Brazil mirror Spanish efforts Politically disrupted Jesuits’ patterns of influence Economically mercantilism adopted Diversified economy

Reforms, Reactions, & Revolts Population growth & activist gov created social unrest Ethnic divisions undercut revolution Global Connections Americas emerge as globally significant Colonies more diverse & complex than seem

Interact: Ch 19 Outline Question What are the similarities and differences between the Spanish American and Brazil?