A World of Change The West Between the Wars

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A World of Change The West Between the Wars 11.7 Students analyze America’s participation in World War II 11.7.1 Examine the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor 11.7.4 Analyze Roosevelt’s foreign policy during World War II (e.g. Four Freedoms speech)

After the Great War (After World War I) Treaty of Versailles Created League of Nations Weak due to United States not joining Demanded Germany Pay Allied Forces for damages France demanded that Germany pay them 132 billion marks = 33 billion U.S. Dollars

Money Troubles France demanded money from Germany Germany did not have the money France took over the Ruhr Valley, which had mines and industry, as supplemental payment Germany started to print money to pay France This caused inflation Money Does not grow on trees, so Germany just printed money instead

Money Troubles Continued Rate of Inflation Year German Mark U.S. Dollar 1914 4.2 1 1919 9 1922 500 1923 (January) 18,000 1923 (July) 350,000 1923 (August) 5,000,000 (5 million) 1923 (November) 4,200,000,000,000 (4.2 trillion)

Women would burn money because it was cheaper than firewood Children would play with money like it was a toy -It would cost thousands of marks to mail a letter People would be paid three times a day and carry money in trunks or barrels

Solution to the Problem Dawes Plan America loaned Germany money to pay France $200 million loaned to Germany The Treaty of Locarno Guaranteed Germany’s new western boarders

Problems to the Solution Circular Borrowing 1 4 3 2 1 - US to Germany 2 - Germany to France 3 - France to England 4 - England to US

The Cycle is Broken The Stock Market Crash (1929) Leads to Great Depression in United States Leads to World Wide Depression Effects of Depression Government Involvement in business Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines and Communism Lead people to follow Political Leaders with simple solutions = Dictatorship = Fascism

America’s Stance In America FDR focused on the New Deal Pushed for disarmament Kellog-Briand Act - called for diplomacy instead of war Moral Embargo FDR asked business to stop selling goods to Italy Business said NO

The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes Fascism: a system of government that stresses nationalism and places interest of the state above the individual Characteristics of Fascism Dictatorial, one party rule Individual rights denied Supremacy of the state Fervent nationalism - pride of one’s nation Scapegoating - blaming someone else for the problems

Fascist Party in Italy Lead by Benito Mussolini Kind of totalitarian state Definition: Government that aims to control the political, economical, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens Lead by Single Leader and Single Political Party Mussolini Aligns with Adolf Hitler

America’s Stance Response to Italy Neutrality Act America could not travel to countries at war America would not lend money to countries at war America could not sell arms to countries at war

Fascism in Russia Lead by Joseph Stalin Created a Communist Party Stalin arranged for millions of people to be killed if they opposed the government (The Great Purges) An era of economic, social, and political revolutions Five Year Plan Focus on economy Government took control of farms (collectivization) Government took control of armaments Government took control of capital goods

Fascism in Spain Lead by Francisco Franco Spanish Military revolted against Government Caused Civil War Assisted by Hitler and Mussolini Franco’s dictatorship is an authoritarian regime

America’s Stance Response to Spain and Russia Remain Neutral

Hitler and Nazi Germany Nazi Party emerged after WWI German Workers’ Party  National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) Hitler organized Beer Hall Putsch Revolt against the government Hitler was arrested, put into jail wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail Hitler becomes Chancellor legally He was VOTED into office

Change in Germany Economic Change Public work projects and grants to recover from Depression Government Control of Public Institutions Churches and all types of schools were under government control and told to support Hitler

Changes in Germany Continued Anti-Semitic Policies Hatred towards Jews Not defined by religion, but by ethnicity Nuremberg Laws  excluded Jews from German citizenship Jew was defined if you had a Jewish grandparent Marriage between Germans and Jews was forbidden Jews required to wear a yellow star and identification cards

Kristallnacht Kristallnacht = “Night of Broken Glass” Destruction against Jews by Nazi Germans November 9, 1938 Nazis burned Synagogues (Jewish places of worship) Nazis destroyed at least 7,000 businesses At least 100 Jews were killed 30,000 male Jews were taken to concentration camps

World War II The Paths to War

Paths to War Country Aggression Japan invades Manchuria in 1931 Nanjing “raped” in 1937 Mussolini invades Ethiopia Denounced by the League of Nations Hitler rebuilds German army to 600,000 Condemned by League of Nations Against agreement of Treaty of Versailles Franco’s Civil War in Spain

Germany (Hitler’s) Demands Austria Anschluss proposed by Hitler Rhineland DMZ Buffer Zone near France Sudetenland Czech. border with Germany

Policies of the West Hitler is Unchecked Fascists get more aggressive Europe drifts towards war Attitudes of other countries U.S.  Isolation Great Depression WWI just ended and did not want to enter another war England and France Appeasement Munich Conference Economic depression Did not want another war Easier to look away from activities in Europe

Hitler’s Deal with Stalin Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact Prevents Germany from a two-front war

“Give a Man an Inch” Hitler is never satisfied, he always wants more Hitler controls: The rest of Czechoslovakia (1938) Demands Danzig, Poland United Kingdom and France promise to support Poland if Hitler invades Hitler invades Poland on 9 - 1 – 1939 causing England and France to FINALLY declare war on Germany War begins in Europe

Roosevelt’s Wisdom “The Great Arsenal of Democracies” “Four Freedoms” December 29, 1940 - Roosevelt refers to the rapid conversion of much of the Detroit-area automotive industry into a production of war armaments It was a call to “arm and support” the war efforts “Four Freedoms” January 6, 1941 – In his annual message to Congress, President Roosevelt announces the Four Freedoms Freedom from fear Freedom of religion Freedom of expression Freedom from want

War in Europe Begins: America’s Stance Neutrality Questioned FDR wanted to ignore the Neutrality Acts and sell weapons to the Allies Congress said NO Cash and Carry FDR Convinced Congress to allow Allies to purchase weapons with cash and they had to ship the weapons themselves American Public Americans did not want to ender the war In September 1941, 80% of American opposed going to war

US Support of Great Britain Britain Isolated By 1941, Britain was the only remaining power Battle of Britain began with Hitler’s air raids over London Atlantic Charter Churchill and FDR made a pact that in this war they would seek territorial gains and restore peoples rights. Lend-Lease Act March 11, 1941 - America lend American weapons to Britain that would be returned after the war.

Japan Prepares an Empire Expanding territory July 23, 1941 - The Japanese extend their occupation across the whole of Indochina November 27, 1941 - Japan rejects the USA's demand for their withdrawal of forces from China. December 7, 1941 - The Japanese attack Thailand, Malaya, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore. Quickly taking control of all these areas. Yes . . . This is the same day that they attacked Pearl Harbor!

US Preparation for War US Navy in EVERY ocean Roosevelt’s Declarations February 2, 1941 - The US Navy is reorganized in to the Atlantic, Pacific and Asiatic fleets and ordered to bring ship crews up to war establishments Roosevelt’s Declarations May 27, 1941 – Roosevelt declares ultimate national emergency; calls upon all Americans to resist Hitlerism. June 14, 1941 – Roosevelt orders the freezing of al German and Italian assets, as well as those of occupied countries.

Japan and US Relations Japanese Aggression Japan continued to take over land in Asia and the Pacific Japanese need to have the economic trading supply of the US, which the US refused by freezing their assets in the US on July 4, 1941 The Japanese decided that they had to attack the US if they wanted to gain that support Japanese Deception November 15, 1941 – A Japanese special negotiator arrives in Washington D.C. December 1, 1941 – US-Japanese talks continue December 4, 1941 – The Japanese Embassy in Washington begins to leave, destroy code-books and personal files in the process. December 6, 1941 – President Roosevelt sends a last minute plea to the Japanese Emperor for Peace.                            

Japan Attacks Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941 that Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Hawaii destroying 8 battleships and killing 2,300.                                                                       

Fast Reaction to Pearl Harbor US Response US declares war December 8, 1941 – President Roosevelt addressed the U.S. Congress, saying “December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy”, which addressed the bombing of Pearl Harbor December 8, 1941 – Congress declares war on Japan with an 82-0 vote in the Senate and 388-1 vote in the House of Representatives. Roosevelt signs the Declaration of War against Japan that day.                                                                           

World Reaction to Pearl Harbor Allied Powers are formed (US Great Britain and France) December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. In response, the United States declare war on Germany and Italy, as well as US allies, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua also declare war on Germany and Italy. Ended United States Isolationism

Allies in both shades of green - dark green: allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor - light green: allied countries that entered the war after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor Axis Powers - Orange Neutral Countries - Grey