Intro to Cell Biology Review

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg Looking at a drop of blood under the microscope you see this. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? Made of cells Which of the characteristics of living things are these examples of? Reproduce Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

http://www.animationlibrary.co Which of the characteristics of living things is this frog demonstrating? Grow and develop Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate and become able to spread from person to person causing a worldwide epidemic. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? Evolution; change over time

http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG Which of the characteristics of living things is this boy demonstrating? Grow and develop Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? Respond to stimulus & homeostasis

Which of the following characteristics of living things explains why birds fly south for the winter? Maintain internal balance Made up of cells Based on a universal genetic code Respond to their environment D. Living things respond to their environment

http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly Which of the characteristics of living things is this butterfly demonstrating? Grow and develop People with diabetes lack the ability to make the hormone which controls blood sugar called ______________ insulin

Another name for a “living thing” http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html Another name for a “living thing” organism Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge proton

↑ Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?

Give an example of a monosaccharide The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy is _______________. glucose Give an example of a monosaccharide Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose,

carbohydrate A monosaccharide is a ______________ Lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate protein Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all? Changing its shape can alter the shape of the active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects how the enzyme works

Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity pH

↑ Which of these molecules is a protein?

Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about. DNA and RNA Give an example of a polysaccharide Cellulose, glycogen, starch

Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster = ___________ enzymes Enzymes work by ____________ the activation energy required to get a chemical reaction started. increasing decreasing decreasing

cellulose Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell

heterotroph A human is a(n) ______________. autotroph heterotroph Name 5 of the characteristics of ALL living things. Made of cells Reproduce Take in and use materials and energy Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis) Grow and develop Respond to environment Have a universal genetic code As a group, change over time

Give an example of an autotroph. Green plant The hereditary information in all living things is in the form of a large molecule called __________________________. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

↑ Which of these molecules stores genetic info?

Give the chemical symbol for each: Carbon _____ Sodium ion ____ Oxygen _____ Potassium ion ___ Nitrogen ____ Chloride ion ___ Phosphorus ____ Calcium ion ___ Hydrogen ___ Hydrogen ion ___ Sulphur ___ C Na+ O K+ N Cl- P Ca++ H H+ S

1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates? 1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen What is the chemical formula for water? H2O

Any animal (including humans), Most bacteria Give an example of a heterotroph Any animal (including humans), Most bacteria The 3 smaller particles found inside atoms are ____________, _____________. and _____________. protons neutrons electrons

dehydration synthesis- Losing water to make a bond Name this reaction http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm dehydration synthesis- Losing water to make a bond

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world science A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein gene

Name one characteristic of water that makes it important for living cells. Good solvent (lots of substances dissolve in it) Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp (good for homeostasis) Makes hydrogen bonds (water molecules stick together) Participant/product in many chemical reactions (helps metabolism)

Another name for a heterotroph consumer Atomic particle with a negative charge electron A signal to which an organism responds stimulus Image from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif

Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids Lipids that are made of many carbon and hydrogen atoms are_________________ Polar non-polar Non polar

Electrons __________ orbit the nucleus of an atom at very high speeds in different energy levels. Protons neutrons electrons What kind of electric charge do electrons have? negative

that have gained or lost ATOMS MOLECULES that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________ polar that have gained or lost electrons so that they have an electric charge are called ______. ATOMS ions

Glucose is a _______________. HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES are all _____________. Proteins carbohydrates nucleic lipids acids proteins Glucose is a _______________. Protein carbohydrate nucleic lipid acid carbohydrate

↑ Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?

(adding water to break a bond) Name this reaction http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg Hydrolysis- (adding water to break a bond)

Unfolding that happens to a protein in extreme temperatures or pH that causes it to change shape denaturing Stimulus that comes from outside an organism External stimulus

Which of these molecules is an amino acid ? Look closely! They all are. Look for the groups on the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R

If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the #1 spot? #3 NO THYMINE (T) #2

Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides. Which of the following is TRUE? Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides. RNA molecules are made of nucleotides. Amino acids are made of proteins Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose. F Simple sugars are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars. TRUE F Proteins are made of amino acids TRUE

↑ Which of these molecules combines with proteins to make cell membranes?

In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of _______________ A. macromolecules B. carbohydrates C. polymers D. monomers D. monomers

↑ Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?

The tails on this molecule are __________________ hydrophobic The blue part of this phospholipid molecule is ____________ polar non-polar Non-polar The tails on this molecule are __________________ hydrophilic hydrophobic hydrophobic

Name an ion that’s important in living cells. Give a function for nucleic acids in cells Store genetic info (DNA) transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA) protein synthesis (RNA) Name an ion that’s important in living cells. Sodium (Na+) Calcium (Ca++) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Hydrogen (H+)

How many different amino acids are used by all living things to make proteins? 20 This gray fish is a(n)____________ Autotroph heterotroph Heterotroph (Gets its food by eating other organisms)  Image from: http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

If you want to make DNA which sugar CAN BE used in the #2 spot? #1 #3 #2 deoxyribose

nucleotides ________________. The subunits that make nucleic acids are called _____________ amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides nucleotides Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch are all examples of ________________. carbohydrates

Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells. Carbon ____________ is an important atom to living things because it can form bonds with 4 other atoms at once to make chains, rings, and many different kinds of molecules. Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells. Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, OR phosphorus

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain Double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases found in chromosomes that stores genetic information DNA http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide

Amino acid subunits join together to make _______________ proteins Lipids carbohydrates nucleic proteins acids proteins Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make _____________________ polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids Nucleotides

If you want to make RNA which sugar CAN BE used in the #2 spot? #1 #3 #2 ribose

Name 3 of the many functions of proteins that you learned about Act as enzymes Transport (Help move substances in & out of cells) Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes) Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella) Act as hormones (insulin) Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins) Structural (make cell membranes) Fight germs (antibodies) carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin) control blood sugar (insulin)

↑ Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?

Name a function of carbohydrates in cells. Burn for energy Store energy for later Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy) Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)

Phospholipids that make up cell membranes have a polar _________. head tail head Nucleic acid molecule that is single stranded RNA

What determines the amino acid sequence in a protein? DNA code What ending is found at the end of the name of most enzymes? -ase

Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Match the building block with the molecule it makes. Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates ____________________ Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Glucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Name an atom found in DNA but not carbohydrates and lipids Nitrogen and phosphorus Kind of chemical reaction used to join subunits when making polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids Dehydration synthesis

What determines the 3D folding of a protein? Hydrophobic R groups Nucleic acid molecule that is double stranded DNA

Can join 4 other atoms at same time What property of carbon allows it to form so many different kinds of molecules? Can join 4 other atoms at same time What are some factors that can influence an enzyme’s activity? Temperature & pH

If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the #1 spot? #3 NO URACIL (U) #2

Name one of the properties of water that make it important for living things Its polar so it dissolves many different substances It doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp) It forms hydrogen bonds so molecules stick together It is an important participant/product in many chemical reactions

If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the #1 spot? #3 A, T, C, or G (BUT NOT U) #2

Double stranded single stranded Contains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,G Tell one way DNA is different from RNA DNA RNA Double stranded single stranded Contains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,G No U no T sugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribosose Stores genetic info transfers info from nucleus to out to cell

enzyme active site substrate A = ________________ B = ________________ Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction: Image by Riedell enzyme A = ________________ B = ________________ C = ________________ D = ________________ E = ________________ active site substrate enyzme-substrate complex products

Name the 4 main macromolecules used to make living things The process of changing from a stem cell to different looking cells with different functions differentiation Name the 4 main macromolecules used to make living things Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids nucleotides Polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose for later glycogen http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

autotroph Process in which offspring are Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer autotroph Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents Sexual reproduction

steroids Kind of lipid made from carbon and hydrogen joined in rings instead of chains that make up cell membranes and can act as hormones steroids http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm

↑ Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?

monosaccharide pH Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide Scale used to measure acidity Molecule formed when a substrate bonds to the active site of an enzyme pH Enzyme-substrate complex

Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide #1 = __________________ #2 = __________________ #3 = __________________ #1 #3 #2 nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U) Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) phosphate

Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer heterotroph Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent Asexual reproduction http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm

Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG macromolecule Stimulus that comes from inside an organism internal stimulus

Place in an atom where electrons orbit Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms evolution Place in an atom where electrons orbit Energy levels

cell The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to The basic unit of life is the ________. The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions differentiation http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg

Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types Stem cell Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction substrate

producer neutron polysaccharide Another name for an autotroph Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom neutron Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide

5 carbon sugar used to make RNA http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg 5 carbon sugar used to make RNA ribose Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes phospholipid Image by Riedell

metabolism multicellular organic All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes metabolism Organism made of many cells multicellular Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic

hemoglobin Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells Kind of chemical reaction used by cells to join molecules together by removing an H and OH to make a water molecule Dehydration synthesis http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation products

Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers monomer Image by Riedell

↑ Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule?

glucose The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches Active site http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

glycoprotein Molecule made of a protein with http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm Molecule made of a protein with carbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification glycoprotein Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen insulin

Double stranded nucleic acid molecule containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases found in chromosomes that stores genetic information DNA http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide

↑ Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?

Energy required to get a chemical reaction started http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg Activation energy Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules Van der Waals forces Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst

photosynthesis unicellular hydrolysis The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucose photosynthesis Organism made of only one cell unicellular Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule hydrolysis

enzyme Hydrogen bonds Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster enzyme Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged atoms in another molecule Hydrogen bonds Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

↑ Which of these molecules is an amino acid?

protein polar Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits protein Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other polar Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg 5 carbon sugar used to make DNA deoxyribose An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge ion Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react reactants

hydrophobic Nitrogen bases Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing” hydrophobic One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides Nitrogen bases

Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body carbohydrate Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits together polymer Image by Riedell

Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis nucleic acid

If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the #1 spot? #3 A, U, C, or G (BUT NOT T) #2

RNA (ribonucleic acid) Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil RNA (ribonucleic acid) Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group Amino acid Image by Riedell

The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________ Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells to store glucose for later starch http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________ biology What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid

↑ RIBOSE Which of these molecules is used by cells to store and transport energy?