Viterbo University Academic Resource Center APA Format Viterbo University Academic Resource Center

The American Psychological Association Behavioral and social sciences Guidelines for Content Structure Style Publication Crediting sources

Crediting Sources We use information from other sources to support our own claims. Shows what others have said. Allows us to make inferences. Builds your own credibility. Give credit to your source anytime you Quote Paraphrase Summarize If you don’t give credit to your sources, you are in danger of plagiarism.

Crediting Sources In-text citations References Authors Dates Page numbers Parenthetical citations Signal phrases Punctuation Type of source If a source appears in the body of your paper, there must be a corresponding Reference entry for the source. If a source is listed in your References page, it must be clearly used in the paper.

As you research and read sources Keep track of Authors, organizations Title of work and container Page or paragraph number Publication information, URLs or DOIs

Writing about sources in the body of your paper Titles Container titles in italics: books, journals, newspapers, websites, television series Work within a container: chapter of a book, article in a journal or newspaper, page of a website, television episode “An Unfair Fight” is the title of a chapter within the book Tomatoland “Optimisation of Food Expectations Using Product Colour and Appearance” is the title of an academic article in the journal Food Quality and Preference. Capitalization Capitalize major words: four letters or more, all verbs, pronouns, nouns, adjectives, adverbs Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, or short prepositions

Writing about sources in the body of your paper Authors Only use authors’ last names. Do not include titles (e.g. Dr.) or suffixes (e.g. Jr.). Organizations Spell out the entire name followed by the acronym or abbreviation. According to the Land Stewardship Project (LSP),… Verb Tense Use past tense when writing about an author’s words, work, or ideas.

In-text citations Author Single, multiple, organization, unknown Date Known or unknown Location Page number or paragraph number Include this information in a signal phrase or parenthetical citation.

Authors: single, multiple Signal phrase While reporting on the commercial tomato industry in Florida, Estabrook (2011) interviewed a migrant worker from Mexico, Emilio Galindo. Wei, Ou, Luo, and Hutchings (2012) noted the associations that people have between food appearance and taste expectations. Wei et al. (2012) found there was a strong association between memory and taste expectation as well. Parenthetical citation The Committee sets the standards for “the exact size, color, texture, and shape of exported slicing tomatoes” (Estabrook, 2011, p. 123). There is a correlation between the appearance and color of food and taste (Wei, Ou, Luo, & Hutchings, 2012).

Authors: Organization Farmworker Justice (n.d.) explained that while agricultural workers’ wages are protected under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), workers are not entitled to overtime pay, and small farms that employ fewer than seven people are not required to adhere to the FLSA’s minimum wage standards. Indirect Sources (when your source cites someone who you want to cite) Christensen (1983) claimed, “…appropriately coloured foods were perceived to have a stronger intensity of flavor and better quality than inappropriately colored foods” (as cited in Wei et al., 2012, pp. 61-62). Mention the original author in the signal phrase. Acknowledge the source you used in the parentheses.

Dates Include the year of publication the first time you mention an author in the text or insert a parenthetical citation. Use n.d. when there is not a publication date. Determining dates for websites: http://ucanr.edu/sites/postharvest/pfvegetable/Tomato/

Location: page or paragraph number If you quote or paraphrase from a specific place in the text, include a location with your citation. The Committee sets the standards for “the exact size, color, texture, and shape of exported slicing tomatoes” (Estabrook, 2011, p. 123). Recommendations suggest that tomatoes are picked when they are in the Mature Green 2 phase, meaning the locular jelly, the part of the tomato that contributes to taste, has begun to form (Suslow & Cantwell, 2013, para. 1).

references What type of source are you using? Estabrook, B. (2011). Tomatoland: How modern industrial agriculture destroyed our most alluring fruit. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. Book with one author Wei, S., Ou, L., Luo, M. R., & Hutchings, J. B. (2012). Optimisation of food expectations using product colour and appearance. Food Quality & Preference, 23(1), 49-62. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.07.004 Article from an online periodical with DOI

References: Electronic Sources Farmworker Justice. (n.d.). US labor law for farmworkers. Retrieved from http://www.farmworkerjustice.org/advocacy-and-programs/us-labor-law- farmworkers Suslow, T. V., & Cantwell, M. (2013). Tomato: Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality. Retrieved from http://ucanr.edu/sites/postharvest/pfvegetable/Tomato/ Nonperiodical web document or report