1. Referencing and Citations www.profdamian.weebly.com
What are they?
Ref / Bibliography – List of sources at the end of your paper.
Citations – In-Text.
Why use them?
-plagiarism
-validate research
-Help readers locate sources

2. Styles APA (American Psychological Association)
- Used for most Social Science papers.
- Harvard Style.
Example Essay:
MLA (Modern Language Association)
- English Lit. papers.
Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style)

3. Using Quotations: A Special Type of Evidence
Ineffective Use of Quotation
Today, we are too self-centered. "We are consumers-on-the-run the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat on the way to their next activity" (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.
A More Effective Use of Quotation
Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much any more as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as James Gleick says in his book, Faster. "We are consumers-on-the-run the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat on the way to their next activity" (148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

4. Evidence appears in essays in the form of quotations and paraphrasing
Quoting: According to Source X, "[direct quotation]" ([date or page #]).
Paraphrasing: Although Source Z argues that [his/her point in your own words], a better way to view the issue is [your own point] ([citation]).
Summarizing: In her book, Source P's main points are Q, R, and S [citation].
Your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and are the most effective way of interpreting the evidence.

5. APA Citation Basics
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation.
(Jones, 1998) or (Jones, 1998) … (p. 199).
A complete reference should appear at the end of the paper.
Jones,RI 1998, Find It fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.

6. Summary or Paraphrase
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

7. More ... In-Text IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Anonymous or unknown author: (Short Title, year, pp.); (“Short Article,” year)
Citation:
It was found that dogs bark when they feel threatened (“Characteristics of Dogs,” 1991).

8. Multiple authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)

9. Short Quotations
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

10. Electronic Resources (www or other)
Citation
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.
Kenneth (2000) explained...
Reference
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document / Title of webpage. Retrieved from address

11. Referencing and Bibliography

12. More Web based …
Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Celebrating women's achievements: Women artists in Canada. Retrieved from
If the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. wikis), include the retrieval date.
Geography of Canada. (2009, September 29). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 30, 2009, from

13. Referencing Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Note: For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

14. Ref – no Author Reference:
Characteristics of dogs in their natural habitats. (2005, July 13). New York Times, p. B13.

15. Ref.
Web Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from

18. Referencing / Bibliography
Basic Rules
All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

19. Links I used … http://www.indiana.edu/~citing/APA.pdf

20. Ref’s http://www.carlosignacio.com/twd/index.php