The Sanitation Ladder in South Asia South Asia Regional Learning Event Mark Ellery | 8th November, 2016

ACTIVITY 4: Climbing the Sanitation Ladder

The size & type of the sanitation challenge varies greatly from country to country in South Asia Source: World Bank Data Bank, WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)

Bangladesh Rural SDG Sanitation ladder status What actions will address the major steps in the sanitation ladder? Source: WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)

What will be the priority actions to enable Bangladesh to reach the SDGs (Describe the top 3 priority actions) 1 2 3 (Flip charts, notetaker)

What Does it Take to Scale Up Rural Sanitation While CLTS is effective in shifting people to fixed point defecation, sanitation marketing is effective in moving up the sanitation ladder Source: WSP (2012), What Does It Take to Scale Up Rural Sanitation, World Bank

Figure 7: Beyond the Finish Line Sanitation Ladder SNV (2016), Thinking Beyond the Finish Line: Sustainable Sanitation Services for All; Asia Regional Learning Event Open Defecation Free (ODF) Total Sanitation Healthy Village Use of Improved Sanitation by All - CLTS Steering multi-stakeholder coordination Technical guidance Informed Choice - Supply Chain facilitation - Pro-poor strategies - Strategy for disabilities Solid waste management Much stronger BCC Drainage solutions Better staffed inspection Environmental standards and guidance Different milestones require different roles and responsibilities Figure 7: Beyond the Finish Line Sanitation Ladder 7

1. MDG Rural Sanitation Progress JMP Monitoring Source: WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 1. MDG Rural Sanitation Progress JMP Monitoring

2. Identify the 2015 MDG rural sanitation status Source: WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2. Identify the 2015 MDG rural sanitation status

3. Turn the rural MDG 2015 status upside down Source: WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 3. Turn the rural MDG 2015 status upside down

4. Break this into a rural MDG sanitation ladder Source: WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 4. Break this into a rural MDG sanitation ladder

Figure 8: Sanitation Ladder Dimension in South Asian Countries

The Challenge of the SDGs Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Open defecation Other unimproved Basic Safely managed Shared Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Eradicate all open defecation by 2025 Fecal sludge & menstrual hygiene management, food hygiene & handwashing Improved No targets for open defecation Improved facilities are not necessarily safe Shared facilities are not necessarily unsafe Halving those without access is biased against the hard to reach (i.e. poor, disabled) Target the universal access to sanitation and the progressive elimination of all all inequalities Add a ‘safely managed’ category

Page Title SDG Sanitation Ladder SDG Sanitation Ladder Safely managed Unimproved Basic Safely managed Health Benefits Shared Costs Open defecation Open defecation Human faeces disposed of in fields, forests, bushes or open bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or disposed of with solid waste Unimproved Pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines Shared Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households Basic (was improved) Flush / pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, composting toilet or pit latrine with a slab not shared with other households Safely managed A basic sanitation facility which is not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or treated off-site SDG Sanitation Ladder Source: WHO and UNICEF (2015) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)

Need to change the approach at different stages in the ladder Basic Safely managed Health Benefits Costs Supply Chains Appropriate technologies Access to finance Poor/disable inclusive Gender equitable Public Services Fecal effluent & sludge management Handwashing facilities & hygiene behaviour Menstrual hygiene management Public Regulation Sanitary behaviour Sanitary codes Environmental standards Quality tradespeople Institutional separation CLTS Coordination Behaviour Change Informed Choice Unimproved Shared Open Defecation Adapted from: SNV (2016), Thinking Beyond the Finish Line: Sustainable Sanitation Services for All; Asia Regional Learning Event Figure 9: Changing Roles in Response to the SDG Sanitation Ladder

Sanitation Marketing Who are the ‘front end’ Entrepreneurs? Private Hardware Shops? Who are the ‘front end’ Entrepreneurs? Masons? Private Public Technology Options Safety & compliance Subsidies (for poor) Finance (Hire Purchase) Entrepreneurs Supply Chain Micro-credit Inclusivity MFI’s Manufacturers R&D, Suppliers Quality & Sustainable Gov. + LGI’s Gov. + NGO’s Household Hygiene Sweepers?

The sanitation ladder in practice If households already have a latrine (98%) then the entrepreneur will have to deal with ‘used’ latrines! Who will do this? Sweeper moves superstructure to empty pit Sweeper motivates household & mason to upgrade to offset pits Direct Pit Offset Pit Emptying Install pipes Sweeper Mason Data on sales Unhygienic latrine & difficult to empty Hygienic latrine & easy to empty Bangladesh (Hypothetical)

Low Cost Handwashing Devices Handwashing with Soap Low Cost Handwashing Devices

SaniMart - Menstrual Pad Production Women & Adolescent Female Groups are producing, promoting and using locally made sanitary pads 1: Raw Materials 2: Refining 3: Rolling & Cutting 4: Sewing + loop 5. Sterilizing 6: Drying 7: Packaging 8. Marketing