1. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 1 Current Developments in JMP How does the JMP monitor progress towards the MDG drinking-water and sanitation target? Rifat Hossain World Health Organization

2. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 2   Why monitor?   The JMP   How to monitor?   Data sources   JMP   Methodology   Advantages   Disadvantages   Challenges: Multiple sources   Coordination Content

3. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 3 Why do we monitor? “By 2015, halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation” 1990-baseline against which progress is measured (Accountability) On average, every year over 450 thousand people requiring access to sanitation to achieve MDG target (Programming) JMP: “We need to increase the efforts of the past 16 years to meet the MDG sanitation target” (Advocacy) In country X 76% of the population uses improved drinking- water facility, 45% uses improved sanitation facility but only 40% uses both. (Learning)

4. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 4   Why monitor?   The JMP   How to monitor?   Data sources   Methodology   Advantages   Disadvantages   Challenges: Multiple sources   Coordination Content

5. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 5 Build national capacity for monitoring Build national capacity for monitoring (e.g. regional workshops) Inform policy makers and civil society on the status of the sector Inform policy makers and civil society on the status of the sector (e.g. communication, IYS 2008, etc.) Monitor trends & progress within the WatSan sector Monitor trends & progress within the WatSan sector (e.g. global report, regional report, etc.) The Joint Monitoring Programme

6. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 6 A brief history of global sector monitoring 1981 1990 2000 1984 1986 1987 1992 International Decade for Clean Drinking Water (1981-1990) International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade reports by WHO Establishment of the WHO and Unicef Joint Monitoring Programme For Water Supply and Sanitation End of water decade review report by WHO Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Monitoring Report by JMP 1993 1996 2004 2005 2006 JMP global monitoring reports based on data provided by national authorities JMP global monitoring report Based on data provided by users Millennium Development Goals 1990 -2015 (MDG) Millennium Declaration Fresh Water Decade 2005 -2015 (MDG) International year of sanitation (2008) 2008 Reports of the WHO/Unicef Joint Monitoring Programme

7. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 7 Urban and rural disparities 2006: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2008 84% of the people without access to water live in rural areas live in rural areas Urban access to water Rural access to water

8. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 8 The world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, UNICEF, WHO, 2008

9. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 9 JMP uses National data DHSDemographic and Health Survey MICSMultiple Indicator Cluster Survey LSMSLiving Standard Measurement Study CWIQCore Welfare Indicator Questionnaire WHSWorld Health survey HBSHousehold Budget Survey National Census … and other user-based household surveys

10. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 10 Why prefer survey and census data?  More reliable  Some facilities fallen out of order  More objective  e.g. upgrading improved facilities not considered  Readily available data  comparability between data  Allows for further analysis  Disaggregation between wealth quintiles  Facilities  Monitoring trends over time

11. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 11 Reported data Survey data An Example of Sanitation

12. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 12 MDG 7 Target 7c:  Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Indicators:  Proportion of the population that has access to an improved drinking water source (urban + rural)‏  Proportion of population that has access to an improved sanitation facility (urban and rural)‏ MDG target + Indicators uses uses

13. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 13 JMP definitions of improved/unimproved sources of drinking water and sanitation facilities   Piped into dwelling, plot or yard   Public tap/standpipe   Tube well/borehole   Protected dug well   Protected spring   Rainwater collection   Flush/pour flush to:   piped sewer system   septic tank   pit latrine   Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine   Pit latrine with slab   Composting toilet   Unprotected dug well   Unprotected spring   Cart with small tank/drum   Tanker truck   Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation canal)‏   Bottled water (unless 2 nd Improved source)   Flush/Pour flush to elsewhere   Pit latrine without slab/open pit   bucket   Hanging toilet/hanging latrine   No facilities, bush or field UN-IMPROVED IMPROVED Drinking WaterSanitation

14. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 14 Year Coverage (%) JMP cookbook ! - 2 data points scenario - ≤ 4 year apart - > 5 years extrapolation 4 Years < 5 Years NO REGRESSION LINE ! 8 Years > 5 Years REGRESSION LINE ! 2 Years max. 4 Years max. 6 Years max. 2 Years max.

15. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 15 X X How JMP estimates Estimated coverage 1990: 50% 2002: 77% Estimated coverage 1990: 52% (new baseline) 2002: 75% 2006: 82% X X NFHS03 x X X Estimated coverage 2003 ≠ NFHS03

16. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 16 Advantages of JMP methodology  Independently verifiable  Tracks progress using the same indicators ( by country and over time )  Allows for inter-country comparison  Trend line for the years no data is available  Accuracy Improves over time

17. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 17 JMP – data base (2006)‏  Data for ±190 countries  1980 – 2008 about 1000 HHS & Censuses  30 - 35 new surveys / year Most for low income countries  Frequency for most developing countries one survey every three years

18. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 18 What HH Surveys tell us: Disaggregation by:  Facility types / access levels (e.g. house connections)‏  Urban and rural areas  Wealth quintiles  Sometimes by region or province

19. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 19 Disadvantages of JMP methodology  Uses JMP definitions  Data collected by a third party  Indicators not always identical  National only (little dis-aggregation possible other than urban and rural)  Inconvenient frequency and timing  No information on hygiene behaviour  No ‘90 base-line if data prior ‘97 unavailable

20. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 20 What many surveys do NOT tell us: No disaggregation by: -Districts -Slums or peri-urban areas -Gender -Age No information on: -Actual water quantity and quality -Reliability/continuity of service -Seasonal variations -Actual use of a sanitation facility by ALL family members at all times -Efforts invested in progress -Pressure on various water sources

21. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 21 Levels of drinking water services Total population Access to improved sources Good quality Affordable Sufficient quantity Sustainable Well regulated systems Piped/household connection

22. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 22 Levels of sanitation services Total population Access to improved sanitation technologies Toilets flushing to sewerage systems Affordable Access to improved sanitation technologies ensuring privacy (not shared) Sustainability Well regulated systems Toilets flushing to sewerage with effective wastewater treatment

23. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 23 A bold step… Joint Monitoring Programme Between WHO and UNICEF …and Country X

24. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 24 Challenges  Data needs of a wide range of stakeholders  Multiple stakeholders with varying methodologies Multiple data sources = Confusion Reconciliation needed to bolster mutual cooperation and confidence building to strengthen national monitoring

25. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 25 Major reasons for discrepancies  Differing sources of data  NSO – user based data  Sector – provider based data  Differing methodologies  Even with user based data Countries sometimes use single data point  Differing population estimates  Most recent census vs. UNPD estimates  Differing definitions of urban/rural  NSO and Sectors not always agree  Differing definitions

26. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 26 What JMP can do  On Monitoring  Definitional issues Clarifications Core questionnaire Disaggregation of service categories  Technical backstopping  Capacity building of M&E system Workshops/training (training of trainers etc.)  On Data gathering and dissemination  Capacity building: data collection/dissemination

27. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 27 JMP2008: The ladder approach… Open defecation Unimproved sanitation facilities Shared sanitation facilities I mproved sanitation facilities Other improved drinking water sources Unimproved drinking water sources Piped water in dwelling, plot or yard   Moving from Improved/Unimproved dichotomy to a more refined situation Sanitation (4 rungs) Improved as per MDG Water (3 rungs)

28. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 28 National Definition   With Access   Sewer connection   Septic tank   VIP/improved pit   Shared facilities   Unimproved facilities   Without Access   Open defecation 52% Differences due to differing definitions 80% MDG Definition   With access   Sewer connection   Septic tank   VIP/improved pit   Without access   Shared facilities   Unimproved facilities   Open defecation Comparing JMP and national definitions (after closing data gaps)

29. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 29 Can JMP and country authorities agree on watsan ladder?

30. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 30 Framework for reconciliation  Fill data gaps (with NSOs, sectors, regional bodies, other int. orgs)  Liaise with National authorities (in collaboration with regional bodies) NSO as national data clearing house (?)  Liaise with other international organizations  For greater synergy  Explain methodologies Website Workshops National stakeholders' meeting  Promote the use of standardized data collection tools

31. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 31 Framework for reconciliation (cont'd)  Data reconciliation  Consultation with national bodies JMP website Wiki style portal Etc.  Reconcile sectoral and statistical datasets?  Agree on a single set of datasets Construct a single ladder (possible?) Show discrepancies through this ladder

32. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 32 Synergy through cooperation/coordination  Who are the partners?  National  International  National reconciliation  Development of framework and guidelines  JMP engaged in national monitoring (JMP as an honest broker)?

33. WHO UNICEF WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Slide 33 JMP Website: www.wssinfo.org