Key Issues Where are migrants distributed? Where do people migrate within a country? Why do people migrate? Why do migrants face obstacles? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Issue #2 Where Do People Migrate within a Country? Interregional Migration Perceived economic betterment typically compels individuals to make interregional migrations. Search for better farm land Lack of farm land lured other to frontier where land was abundant Typical Rural to Urban where job (services) are clustered Service jobs – housekeeping, nursing, teacher – jobs that are not in industry or manufacturing Center of population gravity refers to the country’s center of population, as calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Conceptually, if the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Issue #2 Where Do People Migrate within a Country? Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. “Center of population gravity” Center of population gravity refers to the country’s center of population, as calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Conceptually, if the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1790: Hugging the Coast All colonist-era settlements are near coast The Appalachian mountains did not allow for easy passage. Indigenous “Indians” still occupied large amount of land and sometimes resisted settlements. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1800-1840: Crossing the Appalchians Improvements in the transportation – the Erie Canal- enabled people to move travel from New York to the Great Lakes. By 1840 – over 3,000 miles of canals existed allowing people to migrate into forested river valleys between Appalachian and Mississippi River. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Opens in 1825 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1850-1890: Rushing to the Gold Population center shifted westward more rapidly during this period mainly due to the California Gold Rush. Pioneers would pass over the Great Plains because of the physical environment – Dry, lack of trees. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1900-1940: Filling in the Great Plains Westward movement slows during this period. Immigrants began to fill in the Great Plains. Technology: barbed wire, steel plow, well-drilling and the railroads would encourage settlements © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1900-1940: Filling in the Great Plains Tree-less Farmer/pioneers needed to protect their crops and the fruits of their labor from outside destructive forces like man and beast. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1950-2010: Moving South Population center resumed vigorous westward and southward migration. In the South some industries relocated from North and other like Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen and Nissan Motor Co. now call it home. It is increasingly attracting some of the biggest names in aviation, including Boeing Co. in S. Carolina, Airbus in Alabama, Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. in Georgia and GE Aviation in N. Carolina. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-10 RECENT INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES Figures show average annual migration (in thousands) in 1995 (top) and 2010 (bottom). © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration between Regions in Large Countries: Russia World’s five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., and Brazil. Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories closer to raw materials and into sparsely inhabited Asian portion of country. Offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations – Now people are returning © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA Russia’s population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration between Regions in Large Countries Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Two westernmost provinces (Alberta -oil and British Columbia- trade routes) are destinations for interregional migrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration between Regions in Large Countries China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent. Government once severely limited ability to make interregional moves, but restrictions have been lifted in recent years © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration between Regions in Large Countries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration between Regions in Large Countries Brazil: Most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near East Coast. To increase attractiveness, government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intraregional Migration Intraregional migration is much more common than interregional or international migration. Industrial Revolution began in Europe in nineteenth century (1800s), a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas Percentage of urbanized population in U.S. 1800: 5 percent 1920: 50 percent 2010: 80 percent Motivated by economic advancement Rural push factors include declining opportunities in agriculture. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intraregional Migration Recent years – Asia, Latin America and Africa have seen same trend. Between 1950-2015 Asia – From 15% to 47% Latin America – From 40% to 80% Africa – From 10% to 38% Push comes from declining opportunities in agriculture and pulled in by prospect of work in factories or service industry Rural push factors include declining opportunities in agriculture. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration From Urban to Suburban Areas Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle Additional privacy associated with single- family detached houses Garages and driveways offer parking at no additional fee Often safe, superior suburban schools and access to jobs and shops © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration From Urban to Rural Areas Developed countries experienced a new migration trend during the late twentieth century when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration. Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counter-urbanization. People move for lifestyle reasons – swapping frantic pace of urban life for horses and farms. Counter-urbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming) Growing populations in suburbia contributed to counterurbanization, but many people migrated from cities to rural places. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-22 INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: UNITED STATES This figure shows migration between cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas in 2010. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-24 PERCENTAGE OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR The percentage has declined from 20 percent in the 1980s to 12 percent in the 2010s. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.