Horticulture I Pests & Diseases

Insects - Anatomy Insects Small animals that have three body regions and three pairs or six legs. The three body regions are…. Head Thorax Abdomen

Parts of the Insect

Life Cycle of Insects Complete metamorphosis Egg Larva Pupa Adult Worm Caterpillar Pupa Adult Flies Beetles

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Life Cycle of Insects Incomplete metamorphosis Egg Nymph Adult

Insects - Mouthparts Chewing Tear, chew or grind food. Parts of leaves eaten away. Example: Grasshoppers Beetles.

Insects - Mouthparts Piercing-sucking Rasping-sucking Punctures plant & sucks sap. Rasping-sucking Rasps or breaks surface and suck sap. Example: Thrips

Insects - Mouthparts Siphoning Sponging Have a coiled tube they dip into liquid food such as nectar and draw it in. Sponging Have two sponge-like structures that collect liquid food and move it into the food canal. Example: Housefly

Insect Damage Damage depends on type of mouthparts.

Chewing Insects Beetle Eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and nuts.

Chewing Insects Cutworms Usually attack stems, but may eat other plant parts.

Chewing Insects Caterpillars Larva of moths and butterflies and are fuzzy or hairy. Eat young leaves and stems. Roll up in leaves making the leaves curl.

Chewing Insects Grasshoppers Eat all parts of plants.

Sucking Insects Aphids Pierce & suck juices. Known as plant lice. Cause stunted growth and yellow spotted leaves. Causes sticky substance and black mold which attracts ants.

Sucking Insects Leaf Bugs Causes plants to look unhealthy. Lose their normal color and wilt.

Sucking Insects Mealybugs Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in leaf axils. Causes yellow appearance and sticky secretions.

Sucking Insects Scale Appear as black or brown raised bumps attached to stems and underside of leaves Causes yellow leaves and stunted growth.

Sucking Insects Thrips Rasping-Sucking insects rasps or breaks the leaf surface and sucks the sap out of plants. Chew & then suck plant tissue causing it to become speckled or whitened, leaf tips to wither, curl up or die.

Sucking Insects Whiteflies Feed on underside of young leaves causing yellowing. They will look like flying little white specks when plants are shaken.

Mite Damage Mites Aren’t insects because they have 8 legs. Attack underside of leaves causing gray to grayish-green spots. Severe infestations cause webbing.

Siphoning Siphoning insects dip a coiled tube into a liquid food such as nectar and draw (or siphon) it in. Siphoning insects include butterflies Siphoning insects do little or no damage to the plant

Sponging Sponging insects have two sponge-like structures that collect liquid food and move it into the food canal An example of a sponging insect is a housefly Sponging insects can carry germs or diseases that can damage the plant

Controlling Insects

Controlling Insects Insects must be killed when they are…. Actively feeding or moving on the plant.

Biological Control Using natural enemies such as…. Birds Other insects. Etc.

Chemical Control Using pesticides or insecticides (chemicals).

Chemical Control Contact Poisons Affect the insect’s nervous system and must come into contact with insect to be effective.

Chemical Control Stomach Poisons Are sprayed on plant surfaces or are taken into the plant through absorption. Insect must eat or suck the poison to get it into the stomach for this method to be effective.

Chemical Control Systemic Poisons Absorbed by the plant and then ingested by the pest when it feeds. More effective than stomach poisons for controlling sucking insects.

Chemical Control Fumigants Poisonous gases released into an enclosed place so that insects breathe the gases.

Cultural Control Involves sanitation, removing insect breeding and hiding areas and using insect resistant plant varieties.

Mechanical Control Using physical controls such as…. Insect traps. Using screens over fans & other openings. Washing plants w/ soapy water.

Natural Methods Using natural barriers to control insects such as…. Rivers Woods Mountains Predators

Quarantine Physically isolating insects from healthy plants.

Combining Methods Using a combination of control methods is called…. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or…. Integrated Control

Plant Diseases

What is a Disease??? A plant disorder caused by an infectious pathogen or agent.

Conditions Needed for a Disease Three conditions are necessary for a disease in a plant. Host plant Disease causing organism or pathogen must be present. Favorable environment for disease organism to develop.

What Causes a Disease?? The groups of pathogens are…. Bacteria Fungi Viruses Parasitic plants Mistletoe Dodder Lichens FUNGI

Parasitic Plants MISTLETOE DODDER LICHENS

Controlling Diseases Warm temperatures and moist conditions in greenhouse plant production make most horticulture plant diseases worse because…. Environmental conditions that support disease-causing pathogens. Preventing plant diseases is better than treating the diseases. Plant diseases must be identified before they can be treated.

Plant Diseases – Blight Cause plants to quickly turn brown as if they had been burned.

Plant Diseases – Canker Causes open wounds on woody plant stems.

Plant Diseases – Damping Off A fungal disease that causes young plants and seedlings to rot off at the soil level.

Plant Diseases – Galls Round swellings or growths on plants.

Plant Diseases – Leaf Spots Rings of different shades of brown, green, or yellow that make spots on leaves.

Plant Diseases – Mildew Grows on leaf surfaces (both upper & lower) as white, gray or purple spots.

Plant Diseases – Mosaic Caused by viruses that make the leaves have irregular mottled areas with patterns ranging from dark green to light green to yellow to white.

Plant Diseases – Rot Causes plants to decay & die.

Plant Diseases – Rust Causes small spots on leaves that resemble yellow, orange, brown or red rust mainly on the underneath side of leaves.

Plant Diseases – Smut A black powdery disease that causes blisters that burst open releasing black spores.

Plant Diseases – Wilts Disease that blocks the uptake of water in plants stems causing it to wilt.

Objective 9.02 Required label information Restricted Use Pesticide Statement Product Name, Brand or Trademark - common name - Example Ortho Ingredient Statement – name and percentage by weight of each active ingredient and percentage by weight of other inert ingredients Keep Out Of Reach Of Children” Signal Word

Signal Word DANGER (not all danger pesticides have skull and crossbones) a. It is highly toxic in at least one category - orally, dermally, through inhalation and/or causes severe eye or skin burn. b. Toxicity category I - from a few drops to less than a teaspoon may be lethal if swallowed (oral toxicity)

Signal Words WARNING inhalation and moderate eye and skin irritation. a. Is moderately toxic in at least one category -orally, dermally, through inhalation and moderate eye and skin irritation. b. Toxicity category II – from one teaspoon to a tablespoon may lethal if swallowed (oral toxicity)

Signal Word CAUTION a. Is slightly toxic to relatively non-toxic orally, dermally or through inhalation or causes slight eye and skin irritation. b. Toxicity category III – from one ounce to over a pint may be swallowed before being lethal (oral toxicity)

Signal Words Skull and Crossbones Symbol and the word Poison (written in red)

Other Items listed on label First Aid Statement Net contents/Net weight EPA Registration Number and EPA Establishment Number Company name and address Precautionary Statements Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals First Aid Environmental Hazard Physical or Chemical Hazard

May include Worker protection procedures. Directions for use May include Worker protection procedures. 1. PPE-personal protective equipment. 2. Examples of PPE are masks, coveralls, respirators, gloves, safety glasses or goggles and rubber boots. b. Reentry time may be in this section as well - how much time must past before reentering a treated area. xiii. Storage and Disposal instructions xiv. Warranty statement

Pesticides Type of pesticide. a. Insecticide—kills insects. b. Herbicide—kills unwanted plants. 1) Selective herbicides kill specific weeds or plants. 2) Non selective herbicides kill all plants with which they come in contact. c. Fungicide controls fungi

Pesticides Form of substance a. Dust b. Wettable powder c. Fumigant d. Liquid e. Granular

The most important safety rule is “read and follow label directions” The most important safety rule is “read and follow label directions”. All the rules are included in this one rule.