1. Plant Pest

2. Plant Pest – Introduction to Insects

3. Pests Are any life forms competing for resources
Are plants or animals detrimental to humans or human concerns
Are an organism which pose a threat to other organisms’ health
Are parasites:
organism which lives on or inside another organism
obtains nutrients from host
detriment to the host

4. Pests Can be any of the following: insects vertebrates nematodes weeds
pathogens
fungal
bacterial
viral

5. Insects Are members of the arthropoda phylum
Damage lawns, crops and other plants by feeding off roots, leaves and fruits
Can spread disease among plants

6. Insects Are members of the class Insecta
class characteristics include:
three pairs of legs
three body segments
two pairs of wings (typically)
one pair of antennae
one pair of eyes
examples include:
ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, crickets, fleas, flies, moths

7. Insects Are not always considered pests
insect pollinators are essential to plant growth and reproduction
other insects serve as predators and help control harmful insects

8. Insects Can be divided into categories based on mouthparts:
chewing insects cause damage to plants by chewing foliage
examples include caterpillars, beetles and grasshoppers
sucking insects have mouthparts designed to pierce and suck
examples include aphids, leafhoppers and mites

9. Insects – Mouth feeding parts

10. External Structures of Insects
Consists of the head, thorax and abdomen
the head includes eyes, antennae and mouthparts
the thorax includes legs and wings
the adult abdomen has no legs or wings

14. Complete Metamorphosis
Consists of four stages:
egg
female lays egg
larva
worm-shaped
eating and growing stage

15. Complete Metamorphosis
pupa
develops into adult while in a cocoon
grows wings and legs
adult
breaks out of cocoon
has identifiable insect features

16. Complete Metamorphosis

17. Incomplete Metamorphosis
Consists of three stages:
egg
female lays hundreds of eggs
eggs are white or yellow
eggs hatch within 20 days
nymph
is the growing stage
looks similar to adult insects

18. Incomplete Metamorphosis
adult
has developed all identifiable insect features
adults mate, females lay eggs, and the entire process repeats

19. Incomplete Metamorphosis

20. Vertebrate Pests
Possess a spinal column composed of segmented bones known as vertebrae
Includes:
birds
deer
raccoons
rodents

21. Nematodes Are very small roundworms may be parasitic or beneficial
Consists of two types:
ectoparasitic
live outside plants and move between roots
endoparasitic
live inside plant tissues

22. Nematodes Are important decomposers in soil
Damage vascular tissue of plants, preventing nutrient dissemination
Create wounds, causing susceptibility to other diseases
May cause:
leaves to turn yellow
plants to wilt
bare patches of grass
abundance of weeds

23. Weeds Compete with desirable plants for nutrients, water and sunlight
Have one of three life cycles:
annual
biennial
perennial

24. Pesticides Reduce, prevent, repel or eliminate pests
Control pests in landscapes, gardens, field crops and homes
Protect plants, animals and humans

25. Pesticides Are classified by type: algaecides control algae
anti-microbial
control bacteria and microorganisms
avicides
control birds
fungicides
kill fungi
herbicides
kill weeds

26. Pesticides insecticides kill insects and other athropods molluscicides
kill snails and slugs
nematacides
kill nematodes
repellents
repel pests including insects and birds
rodenticides
control rodents

27. Categories of Pesticides
Include:
biopesticides
chemical pesticides

28. Biopesticides Are derived from animals, plants, bacteria and minerals
Are divided into the following categories:
microbial
plant-incorporated protectants
biochemical

29. Microbial Biopesticides
Use a bacterium, fungus lines or protozoan as an active ingredient
Control many different pests
Bacillus thuringiensis
commonly used microbial pesticide
kills various species of mosquitoes, fungus gnats and blackflies
has no negative effect on non-target organisms

30. Plant-Incorporated Protectants
Are produced by plants with added genetic material
scientists introduce certain genes into plant’s genetic make-up
engineered plant produces pesticidal proteins, controlling pests
Bacillus thuringiensisis is the most common plant- incorporated protectant

31. Biochemical Pesticides
Are natural substances, controlling pests through non- toxic mechanisms
Affect a specific pest and do not harm other organisms
Are effective in small quantities
Include:
insect sex pheromones, which interfere with mating
scented traps

32. Chemical Pesticides
Are agents designed to prevent, repel or eliminate pests
Can be toxic to the environment if not use correctly
Are categorized as organophospate pesticides, carbamate pesticides, organochlorine insecticides and pyrethroid pesticides
organophospate pesticides
attack the nervous system
can be highly poisonous
are usually insecticides

33. Chemical Pesticides carbamate pesticides attack the nervous system
organochlorine insecticides
often used in the past
have been removed from the market due to health and environmental effects
pyrethroid pesticides
least toxic to the environment
synthetic versions of the natural pesticide pyrethrin

34. Integrated Pest Management
Is a strategy to control pests
uses most economical process and presents least amount of possible hazards to humans and environment
Used in agricultural crops, landscapes, lawns and home gardens

35. Integrated Pest Management
Follows a four step approach:
setting action thresholds
monitoring and identifying pests
pest prevention
pest control

36. Action Thresholds
Are levels of pest infestation at which pest prevention and control must be taken
Examples:
health hazard to plants
economic threat

37. Monitoring & Identifying Pests
Provides individuals with knowledge about insects
one can identify an insect as either a pest or a beneficial
Reduces the chance of using pesticides when unnecessary

38. Pest Prevention Utilizes cultural methods such as: crop rotation
planting pest-resistant varieties
Is cost effective
Has little or no effect on environment

39. Pest Control Is based on effectiveness and risk Include:
highly selective chemicals
targeted spraying
broadcast spraying

40. Techniques of Pest Control
Biological controls
pest control which is non-toxic to plants, humans and wildlife
use beneficial insects to control pests
example: introducing ladybugs to control aphid populations

41. Techniques of Pest Control
Cultural controls
simple to use and inexpensive
Include:
mulching
crop rotation
planting time
irrigation

42. Techniques of Pest Control
Mechanical controls
use physical methods, such as insect and animal traps, to reduce weeds and control pests by spreading less seeds
are less effective and impractical on a large scale

43. Techniques of Pest Control
Chemical controls
use biological, natural and synthetic pesticides to control pests
can be harmful to environment if not applied correctly

44. Techniques of Pest Control
Host-plant resistance
use plant varieties resistant to attack of pests and diseases
plant breeders breed plants for certain traits making the plant resistant

45. Techniques of Pest Control
Regulatory controls
contain and eliminate pests already established in limited areas
prevent introduction of pests from foreign countries
restrict entry of any infested goods