Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914) Lesson 4 The Unification of Italy

Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914) Lesson 4 The Unification of Italy Learning Objectives List the key obstacles to Italian unity. Evaluate the roles played by Cavour and Garibaldi in Italian unification. Describe the challenges that faced the new nation of Italy.

Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914) Lesson 4 The Unification of Italy Key Terms Camillo Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi anarchists, emigration,

invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity. First Steps to Italian Unity Although the peoples of the Italian peninsula spoke the same language, they had not been politically united since Roman times. Over the centuries, ambitious foreign conquerors had turned Italy into a battleground, occupying parts or all of the peninsula. By the early 1800s, nationalism inspired Italian patriots to dream of ousting foreign rulers and reuniting Italy. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led people to identify with local regions. invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity. Italy was controlled by Austria, Hapsburgh monarchs, and Southern France. Nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern Italy.(unsuccessful) Giuseppe Mazzini set out “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.”

First Steps to Italian Unity Shared traditions, common language, geography, glories of Ancient Rome and the Papacy, and breaking economic barriers were contributing factors for the Nationalist support of a unified Italy.

Napoleon aided Sardinia if in war with Austria and annexed Lombardy. The Struggle for Italy After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento (ree sawr jee MEN toh), or Italian nationalist movement, passed to the kingdom of Sardinia, which included Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy as well as the island of Sardinia. Its constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister who was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik. Cavour reformed Sardinia’s economy by improving agriculture, building railroads , and encouraging commerce by supporting free trade. Long term goal: end Austrian power in Italy and annex Lombardy and Venetia. Sardinia, led by Cavour, joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War. Napoleon aided Sardinia if in war with Austria and annexed Lombardy.

While nationalists overthrew Austrian backed rulers in Northern Italy. The Struggle for Italy While nationalists overthrew Austrian backed rulers in Northern Italy. Guiseppe Garibaldi Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) wanted to created an Italian republic. Garibaldi recruited and trained soldiers (Red Shirts)who won control of Sicily and marched North to Naples. Cavour was worried about Garibaldi’s success so he sent Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi, who ended up taking over the Papal States and joined Garibaldi. Garibaldi then turned the whole empire over to Victor Emmanuel II, who was crowned king of Italy. Italy joined Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War and gained Venetia. Due to the Franco-Prussian War, France withdrew their troops from Rome, which made Italy a united land

The south was rural and poor. Its population was booming. Italy Faces New Challenges The new Italian nation faced a host of problems. Like the German empire that Bismarck cemented together out of many states, Italy had no tradition of political unity. Few Italians felt ties to the new nation. Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical national issues. Northern Italian cities had flourished as centers of business and culture. The south was rural and poor. Its population was booming. The government granted the papacy limited rights and control over church properties. Popes saw themselves as “prisoners” and urged Italian Catholics—almost all Italians—not to cooperate with their new government. Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature.

the nation lacked important natural resources such as coal. Italy Faces New Challenges Unrest increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative government. Socialists organized strikes while anarchists, people who want to abolish all government, turned to sabotage and violence. the nation lacked important natural resources such as coal. Industrialization brought urbanization as peasants flocked to the cities to find jobs in factories. Reformers campaigned to improve education and working conditions. Many Italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin American nations.