GHG INVENTORY IN VIET NAM The 8th Asia – Pacific GAW Workshop on Greenhouse Gases October 17 – 21, 2016, Seoul, Republic of Korea GHG INVENTORY IN VIET NAM Tong Thi Van Anh Head of Analysis Laboratory Group, Environmental Analysis Laboratory Division, Hydro-Meteorological and Environmental Station Networks Center National Hydro-Meteorological Service of Viet Nam

General Information Vietnam signed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 11 June 1992 and ratified it on 16 November 1994. Viet Nam also signed Kyoto Protocol (KP) on 03 December 1998 and ratified it on 25 September 2002 Implementing commitments of the Non-Annex I Parties as stated in Article 4.1 of UNFCCC, Vietnam is not required to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emission but to implement some common obligations, such as preparing its National Communications, carrying out GHG inventory, developing and assessing GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation options.

General Information Vietnam completed the development of the Initial National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC and submitted it to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2003. Vietnam completed the development of the 2nd National Communication (SNC) under the UNFCCC and submitted it to the UNFCCC Secretariat at the COP 16 in 2010

General Information Vietnam completed the development of the 1st Report Biennially Update (BUR1) to the UNFCCC and submitted it to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2014

National GHG Inventory System Energy Industry Agriculture LULUCF Waste Institutional arrangement for national GHG Inventory

Evaluate emission sources / main absorption Greenhouse gases mainly are CO2, CH4 and N2O Identified sources of emissions / absorption include: - Energy: from Industry / Construction, Transport, Electricity production and mining operations in the oil and gas. - Industrial Processes: from the production sub-sector of cement and steel production. - Agriculture: from rice cultivation, fermentation and agricultural land. - Land use change and Forestry (LULUCF): from forests and reserves change biomass, the soil, fallow land management and land use conversion. - Waste: from solid waste disposal.

The national inventory data of GHG in 1994 Emission sector CO2 equivalent (Gg) Percentage (%) Energy 25,637 24.7 Industrial Processes 3,807 3.7 Agriculture 52,450 50.5 LULUCF 19,380 18.7 Waste 2,565 2.4 Total 103,839 100

The national inventory data of GHG in 2000 Emission sector CO2 CH4 N2O CO2 eq (Gg) Percentage (%) Energy 45,900.00 308.56 1.27 52,772.84 35 Industry 10,005.72 6.6 Agriculture 2,383.75 48.49 65,090.61 43.1 LULUCF 11,860.19 140.33 0.96 15,104.72 10 Waste 331.48 3.11 7,925.18 5.3 Total 67,765.91 3,164.12 53.83 150,898.77 100

The national inventory data of GHG in 2010 Emission sector CO2 CH4 N2O CO2 eq (Gg) Percentage (%) Energy 124,799.34 15,959.52 413.93 141,170.79 53.06 Industrial Processes 21,172.01 7.96 Agriculture 57,908.95 30,445.82 88,354.77 33.21 LULUCF -20,347.59 1,011.51 117.48 -19,218.59 Waste 65.43 13,448.68 1,837.55 15,351.67 5.77 Total (without LULUCF) 146,036.78 87,316.15 32,696.31 266,049.24 100 Total (with LULUCF) 125,689.19 88,327.66 32,813.79 246,830.64

The national inventory data of GHG in 2010

The comparison of GHG emissions in 1994, 2000 and 2010 Emission sector 1994 2000 2010 Total Emission Energy 25,637.09 52,773.46 141,170.79 Industrial Processes 3,807.19 10,005.72 21,172.01 Agriculture 52,450.00 65,090.65 88,354.77 LULUCF 19,380.00 15,104.72 -19,218.59 Waste 2,565.02 7,925.18 15,351.67 Total 103,839.30 150,899.73 246,830.65

The comparison of GHG emissions in 1994, 2000 and 2010

Estimated GHG emissions in 2020, 2030 Year   Emission sector 2010 2020 2030 Energy 141.171 381.128 648.479 Agriculture 88.355 100.758 109.342 LULUCF -19.219 -42.542 -45.302 Waste 15.352 26.581 48.008 Total 225.659 465.925 760.527

Limitations and constraints in national GHG inventory Related information and activities data for GHG inventory are inadequate, with built-in uncertainties and data management lacks coherence. The data collection process is slow. Data verification and validation are not undertaken on a continuous basis. The data collection system for GHG inventory is incomplete. A focal agency responsible for the national inventory's data collection, analysis, verification and update has not been established or designated. Research, assessment and verification for certain country-specific emission factors remains incomplete.

Limitations and constraints in national GHG inventory A database supporting the inventory is not yet available. There is an inadequate pool of greenhouse gas inventory technical experts in the ministries and agencies. Inter-agency coordination remains to be desired.

Improvement Plan National GHG inventories have been produced for a comparatively short time with limited resources and expertise. Emissions processes are pervasive and complex and, consequently, emissions estimation techniques and data sources for the Vietnam inventory are still inadequate, particularly in some sectors. It is needed to develop the National Program for improving GHG inventories. The improvements will turn on both the development of activity data and country emission factors. Train more young experts to involve in GHG inventory. Strengthen the cooperation between ministries and related agencies in the data collection. Establish a National GHG Inventory Office or agency.

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