Starter Which factors are significant to the development of public health throughout history?

Disease and Infection through the ages Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

Prehistoric Era No written evidence. Ideas about the causes of disease were based on superstition and the supernatural. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

The Egyptian era Still believed disease was caused by the gods. Some doctors, however, started using natural ideas and diagnosed symptoms. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

The Greek era Had healing temples called Asklepions (supernatural). Hippocrates put forward a natural theory (the Four Humours). It was wrong, but it set medical development in the right direction. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

The Roman era Little regard for doctors. More interested in preventing disease than curing it. Illness was often treated with herbal medicines and opposites. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

The Middle Ages Parts of Western Europe were in chaos. Many medical books were destroyed. The ideas of Hippocrates and Galen were kept alive in the Middle East Christian Church dominated people's lives. Many beliefs about the cause and treatment of disease were stilt based on the supernatural. Natural remedies based on the four humours also used. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

The Renaissance Hardly any change. Treatments still based on a mixture of the supernatural and the four humours. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

The modern era Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox. Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory of disease. Koch identified specific germs which caused disease in humans. Pasteur also discovered other vaccines to prevent specific diseases. After 1900 chemical drugs which cured disease were discovered. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, discovered by Fleming and developed by Florey and Chain. A period of very rapid change. But recently some germs have become immune to antibiotics. Alternative treatments, such acupuncture and homeopathy, have become popular again. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

Evaluation technique Which factors were the most important to the development of disease and infection? Which factors were the least important to the development of disease and infection? Remember to explain why… Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

Examination technique Disease and infection changed at different times for different reasons. Why was this? (8) Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history

Source work What different treatment of disease is suggested by Source B? Explain your answer using Sources A and B and your knowledge. (6) Why was the treatment of disease different at these times? Explain your answer using Sources A and B and your knowledge. (8) Source A An artist’s impression of the inside of a Greek Asklepion temple in about 400 BC This painting shows the sick settling down for the night in the temple. The artist Robert Thom painted this picture for the book Great Moments in Medicine, 1961 Scarburgh diary entry – 2nd February 1685: The King felt an unusual disturbance in his brain, soon followed by fits and loss of speech. We decided that 8 ounces of blood should be taken from his arm. We gave him an emetic to free his stomach of all impurities. To speed this up we also gave him a purgative and then an enema. (The King died on 6th February 1685.) Source B: A painting of royal doctor Sir Charles Scarburgh and an entry from his diary Scarburgh wrote an account in his diary of the treatment of his patient, King Charles II. The King fell ill in February 1685. Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of disease and infection and how it has changed through history